Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacquiline Serrano Author-Workplace-Name: National Teacher’s College Author-Name: Kim Cabalhin Author-Workplace-Name: National Teacher’s College Author-Name: Lorie Faye Calzado Author-Workplace-Name: National Teacher’s College Author-Name: Alleyn Ross Constantino Author-Workplace-Name: National Teacher’s College Author-Name: Kaira Alkhea Garcia Author-Workplace-Name: National Teacher’s College Author-Name: Nathalie Mae Tormo Author-Workplace-Name: National Teacher’s College Title: The Effect of Remote Work on Work-Life Balance of Office Administration Professionals in Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study investigates the effect of remote work on the work-life balance of office administration professionals in the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) in the Philippines. With the rapid adoption of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding its impact on employee well-being and productivity has become increasingly essential. The research employed a quantitative descriptive-regression design, utilizing total population sampling of 90 office administration professionals from a population of 110 remote workers. Data was collected through a validated 35-item Likert-scale questionnaire with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.869, focusing on three key independent variables: work-from-home setup, availability of remote work resources (laptops, internet, software), and level of employer support. These were analyzed in relation to four work-life balance indicators: boundary management, job stress level, time for family and personal activities, and employee satisfaction. Using regression analysis as the main statistical tool, results showed that employer support had the strongest positive impact on reducing stress and increasing job satisfaction. Most respondents had access to necessary tools, but many experienced technical difficulties and relied on personal equipment. While some professionals struggled to separate work from personal life, a majority reported better family engagement and improved mental well-being. The findings confirmed that remote work significantly affects work-life balance, particularly when adequate resources and organizational support are present. The study underscores the critical role of employer support in successful remote work implementation. Its findings offer valuable implications for policymakers, organizational leaders, and human resource professionals, highlighting the need for structured remote work programs that ensure both productivity and employee well-being. Keywords: remote work, work-life balance, office administration professionals, work-from-home setup, remote work resources, employer support, boundary management, job stress, employee satisfaction, descriptive-regression design, Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18856466 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/37 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/37/26 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Camille Ann Deogracias Author-Workplace-Name: Philippine College of Criminology Title: Assessing the Stress Factors Experienced by Caloocan Police Personnel: Basis for a Training Program Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This research aims to evaluate the effects of stressors on the performance of police personnel deployed at the Caloocan City Police Station, including personal, physical, psychological, social, organizational, and operational aspects. This research will also investigate the coping mechanisms used by police personnel to deal with occupational stress and design a training program to improve their resilience. The current research uses a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to combine both quantitative and qualitative results, providing a holistic insight into police stress. The quantitative phase involved 229 active police officers, while the qualitative phase involved ten informants who shared their experiences of coping with stress in semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the findings reveals that stress factors influence police performance in all areas, with non-commissioned officers (PNCOs) showing higher levels of psychological and operational stress than commissioned officers (PCOs). The qualitative findings confirm the effectiveness of stress-coping strategies such as family bonding, prayer, recreation, and positive thinking, while also emphasizing the need for improved support. The research concludes that stress is a natural part of the police role, but it can be managed by the use of systematic interventions. Therefore, a Resilience and Stress Management Training Program was designed to improve the physical, psychological, and emotional well-being of police officers. This study is particularly valuable as it not only highlights the specific stressors affecting police officers but also provides practical, evidence-based strategies to enhance resilience, thus supporting both individual and overall organizational effectiveness. By addressing these challenges, the research provides actionable insights for policymakers, police organizations, and training officers, making it a significant contribution to current literature on police stress and police performance. Keywords: stress factors, police stress, organizational stress, operational stress, coping mechanisms, law enforcement personnel, training program Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18859186 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/38 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/38/27 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anabel Intong Author-Workplace-Name: Bohol Island State University Author-Name: Elmar Patiga Author-Workplace-Name: Samal Island City College Author-Name: Melvin Rubes Author-Workplace-Name: Bohol Island State University Title: Performance of goat (Capra hircus) fed with Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) as Affected by Processing and Supplementation Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the appropriate basal diet and supplementation strategy and to evaluate the effects of different supplements on voluntary feed intake and nutrient digestibility of Napier grass offered as soilage and silage. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four blocks based on sex–period combinations, arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial treatment structure. Factor A consisted of two basal forage types: Napier grass urea–molasses silage and Napier grass soilage, while Factor B involved three supplementation strategies expressed as concentrate to mushroom substrate ratios (% body weight, dry matter basis): 1.0:0 (pure concentrate), 0.75:0.5, and 0.5:0.75. Each treatment was replicated four times. Experimental animals were subjected to a 30-day feeding period per block to assess voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility. Data collected were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were compared using the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test.Results showed that Napier grass offered in silage form exhibited comparable voluntary feed intake and nutrient digestibility to Napier grass soilage. Furthermore, supplementation using mushroom substrates combined with concentrate at ratios of 0.75:0.5 or 0.5:0.75 % body weight (dry matter basis) produced intake and digestibility responses comparable to those observed in animals receiving pure concentrate supplementation at 1.25 % body weight. These findings indicate that mushroom substrates can effectively replace a portion of concentrate without compromising animal performance. The study highlights the potential of integrating mushroom substrates as an alternative supplement to improve feed efficiency and reduce reliance on conventional concentrate feeds. Keywords: ad libitum, In vivo digestibility, substrates, ureamolasses silage, supplementation, soilage Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18859755 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/40 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/40/28 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adriano Sabado Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College Author-Name: Bryan Concepcion Author-Workplace-Name: Aurora Senior High School Title: Generative AI in Graduate Education: Student Experiences, Critical Thinking, and Academic Practice Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT, Copilot, and Bard is reshaping graduate education by transforming academic writing, research practices, and scholarly engagement. This study explores how Philippine graduate students experience and interpret the use of GenAI in their academic work, with particular attention to perceived benefits, limitations, ethical concerns, and its influence on scholarly practice and academic identity. Using a qualitative descriptive design, twelve graduate students (six Master’s and six PhD students) with prior experience using GenAI participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis, revealing that GenAI functions as a cognitive scaffold that enhances efficiency, reduces cognitive load, and supports idea generation, content organization, and academic writing refinement. Participants reported significant productivity gains and creative stimulation; however, they also expressed concerns regarding output accuracy, risks of overreliance, and academic integrity implications. Structural challenges, including subscription costs and the limited contextual relevance of AI-generated responses, were also identified. Notably, differences emerged between master’s and PhD students: master’s students emphasized operational efficiency, whereas PhD students highlighted verification practices, originality, and intellectual independence. Overall, the findings indicate that GenAI is neither purely facilitative nor detrimental; rather, its impact depends on students’ critical AI literacy, ethical awareness, and self-regulatory capacity. This study underscores the need for institutional policies and curricular initiatives that promote responsible AI integration while safeguarding academic rigor, authenticity, and the development of higher-order thinking skills in graduate education Keywords: Generative AI; Graduate education; Academic practice; Critical thinking; AI literacy; Academic integrity; Cognitive scaffold Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18861155 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/23 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/23/29 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Carlo Colot Author-Workplace-Name: Polytechnic University of the Philippines Title: Establishing the Philippine Institute for Peace and Development: A Literature-Based Feasibility Assessment for Institutionalizing Peacebuilding and Sustainable Development Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The persistent challenges of conflict and underdevelopment in the Philippines underscore the urgent need for a holistic and institutionalized approach to peacebuilding and sustainable development. This literature-based feasibility assessment synthesizes scholarly, policy, and institutional sources to evaluate the rationale and prospects for establishing a Philippine Institute for Peace and Development (PIPD). The analysis reveals that while the Philippines has made notable progress through agencies like the Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation, and Unity (OPAPRU) and the institutionalization of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), the national peace architecture remains fragmented, reactive, and vulnerable to political shifts. Drawing from international models such as the United States Institute of Peace and the Berghof Foundation, the study identifies key features of effective peace institutions: clear legal mandates, financial independence, research-policy-practice integration, and strong multi-stakeholder engagement. Case studies from Colombia and BARMM further highlight the importance of both centralized and localized peace mechanisms. The review concludes that a dedicated, politically neutral, and research-driven national institute could bridge systemic gaps, professionalize peacebuilding, and promote policy continuity in the Philippines. Such an institution would facilitate evidence-based policymaking, capacity-building, and inclusive dialogue, thereby supporting the country’s transition toward a more peaceful, resilient, and inclusive society. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to institutionalize peace and development as a public good.  Keywords: Philippine Peace institute; peacebuilding; peace education; policy integration; Peace and Development Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18869240 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/27 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/27/30 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Cliford Alvero Author-Workplace-Name: San Pablo Colleges Title: Reflective Questioning as a Pedagogical Strategy for Enhancing Student Engagement and Critical Thinking in the Life and Works of Rizal Course Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The increasing emphasis on learner-centered pedagogy in higher education necessitates instructional strategies that promote student engagement and higher-order thinking, particularly in humanities courses. This study examines the effectiveness of structured reflective questioning in The Life and Works of Rizal, a mandated general education course in the Philippines under Republic Act No. 1425. Although the course is central to cultivating historical awareness and civic identity, instruction has often remained lecture-driven, potentially limiting analytical engagement. Anchored in constructivist and reflective learning theories, the study investigates how reflective questioning influences cognitive, behavioral, and affective dimensions of engagement, as well as critical thinking development. A descriptive quantitative design was employed involving 130 undergraduate students. Data were collected using a validated 25-item survey instrument and analyzed through descriptive statistics across five domains: content comprehension, analytical reasoning, personal relevance, holistic learning experience, and instructional effectiveness. Results indicate consistently high levels of agreement, suggesting that structured reflective questioning enhances conceptual understanding, promotes critical analysis of Rizal’s texts and socio-political contexts, and strengthens connections to contemporary civic responsibility. Clarity, contextual alignment, and guided discussion emerged as key determinants of effectiveness. Slightly lower ratings in emotional motivation and active participation indicate the need for complementary dialogic strategies. The findings support the integration of reflective questioning within humanities pedagogy to foster critical inquiry and transformative learning outcomes. Keywords: Critical thinking; Humanities Pedagogy; Rizal course; Reflective Questioning; Student Engagement Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18869553 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/33 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/33/31 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heiyan Von Lappay Author-Workplace-Name: University of Northern Philippines Title: The Consumer Behavior in Financial Constraints Circumstances of Food Micro-Enterprises in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined consumer behavior under financial constraint circumstances among food micro-enterprises in Vigan City. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, the study investigated how consumer profiles, consumer behavior dimensions, business characteristics, and financial constraints interact within the local food sector. Data were gathered through expert-validated questionnaires administered to consumers and to owners, managers, and staff of food micro-enterprises. Statistical tools, including frequency and percentage distribution, mean, and simple correlational analysis, were used to determine significant relationships among the variables. Findings showed that consumers were mostly adults aged 35 to 45, female, earning monthly incomes above Php 30,000, and employed in professional, business, or finance-related occupations. Demographic characteristics, specifically age, sex, and household size, significantly shaped spending habits, purchase decision-making factors, consumer awareness and financial literacy, and consumption priorities. Results further indicated that food micro-enterprises experienced financial constraints related to cash flow stability, access to credit and capital, sales revenue trends, profitability challenges, and financial management skills. Many businesses operated with monthly revenues below Php 10,000 and had seating capacities of one to ten seats, although some generated gross profits above Php 40,000. Correlational analyses confirmed significant relationships between consumer behavior dimensions and financial constraints, with business structural characteristics, such as seating capacity and average revenue, also influencing financial outcomes. The study concludes that consumer demographics, behavioral patterns, and business profiles collectively shape financial constraints among food micro-enterprises. Strengthened financial literacy, improved financial planning for long term growth, and consumer-responsive strategies are essential to enhancing resilience, supporting stability, and promoting sustainable development within Vigan City’s food sector. Keywords: consumer behavior; financial constraints; food micro-enterprises; consumer profiles; business profiles Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18888345 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/49 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/49/32 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Puller Author-Workplace-Name: University of Northern Philippines Title: Financial Literacy Assessment of the Indigenous Peoples in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur: Basis for Extension Program Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Financial literacy is widely recognized as a key driver of financial well-being, yet indigenous communities in rural Philippines remain underexamined in empirical research. This study assessed the level of financial literacy among Itneg/Tingguian ethnic people in Barangay Cadanglaan, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur, Philippines and examined the relationships among financial access and exposure and financial literacy in terms of financial knowledge, attitude, and behavior to develop culturally responsive extension program. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed using a structured survey administered to Indigenous residents aged 18 and above. The instrument measured the level of financial access and exposure to financial institutions, financial literacy seminars, financial support programs, and media and information, as well as financial literacy across saving, budgeting, spending, debt management, investment, insurance, and retirement planning. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Results indicated high level of financial access and exposure (M = 3.84) and very high level of overall financial literacy (M = 4.28). Financial knowledge (M = 4.58) and financial attitude (M = 4.57) rated very high but weaker financial behavior (M = 3.68) in selected domains, particularly investment and retirement planning. Their financial access and exposure showed significant influence on overall financial literacy. Findings suggest that improving culturally relevant financial access and education may strengthen financial practices in Indigenous communities. The study provides an empirical basis for targeted financial literacy interventions aimed at promoting long-term financial resilience. Keywords: financial literacy; financial knowledge; financial attitude; financial behavior; financial access and exposure Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18888999 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/31 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/31/33 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RECHEL CANAS Author-Workplace-Name: DepEd- Lucena City Author-Name: LEODEGARIO M. JALOS, JR., EdD Author-Workplace-Name: Marinduque State University Title: Effects of Leadership Styles of School Heads to Mental Health Status and Job Performance of Elementary School Teachers in the Division of Lucena City Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study investigated the effect of leadership styles of school heads to the mental health status and job performance of elementary school teachers in the Division of Lucena City using a descriptive–correlational research design. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select the respondents. Data were collected through validated survey questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and regression analysis. Results revealed that Transactional Leadership was the most prevalent leadership style practiced by school heads, characterized by supervision, accountability, and performance-based management. Teachers demonstrated a high level of mental health status, marked by emotional resilience, effective coping mechanisms, and work–life balance, while their job performance was rated Outstanding, particularly in professionalism, collaboration, and learner support. Statistical findings indicated no significant relationship between school heads’ leadership styles and teachers’ mental health status or job performance with p-value of 0.412 and 0.498 respectively. However, a significant positive correlation (0.336 – r correlation) was established between teachers’ mental health status and job performance, suggesting that teachers with better mental well-being tend to exhibit higher levels of effectiveness and productivity. These results underscore the critical role of mental health in enhancing teacher performance, independent of leadership style. Based on the findings, an intervention program focusing on leadership empowerment, mental wellness, and stress management was proposed to sustain teacher well-being and promote a supportive and high-performing school environment. Keywords: leadership styles, mental health, job performance, elementary teachers, descriptive-correlational research Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18897824 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/42 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/42/34 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isabel Salvador Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education Author-Name: Rizalie Lim Author-Workplace-Name: Marinduque State University Title: School Heads’ Profile and Leadership Styles and Its Influence on School and Teachers’ Performance and Attributes in the Fourth Congressional District, Division of Quezon Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined the influence of school heads' profiles and leadership styles on school performance, teachers' performance, and teachers' attributes in terms of motivation and job satisfaction in the Fourth Congressional District, Division of Quezon. Employing a descriptive research design, data were collected through survey questionnaires from twenty-eight (28) school heads and four hundred seventy-six (476) teachers selected via multi-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were utilized for data analysis. Findings revealed that most school heads were female, aged 41-50, serving as Principal I, with 6-10 years of service, holding Master's degrees, and attending more than 10 trainings annually. The democratic leadership style was predominantly practiced among school heads. Schools achieved highly proficient performance levels across all indicators, while teachers demonstrated very satisfactory performance and were highly motivated and highly satisfied with their jobs. Regression analysis indicated that school heads' profiles and leadership styles statistically significantly influenced both school performance and teachers' performance. However, these factors showed no significant effect on teachers' motivation and job satisfaction. The study concludes that while school heads' profiles and leadership styles positively impact school and teacher performance outcomes, they do not directly influence teachers' intrinsic attributes such as motivation and job satisfaction. To sustain these positive performance results and support teacher well-being, the following recommendations are proposed: school heads should continue practicing democratic leadership styles, pursue continuous professional development opportunities, and provide targeted technical assistance and mentoring programs for teachers. These measures will help maintain high levels of teacher motivation, job satisfaction, and overall school effectiveness in the long term. Keywords: leadership styles, mental health, job performance, work-life balance, teachers, education Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18906924 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/55 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/55/36 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annie Capin Author-Workplace-Name: Aurora State College of Technology Title: Evaluation of Dual-Powered Dehydration Device for Food Preservation in Baler Aurora Philippines Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an improvised dual-powered eco-friendly dehydration device using a diverse group of evaluators, including students, faculty, TESDA experts, and industry experts/farmers. The device was assessed across six quality indicators: design and aesthetics, materials, portability, functionality, safety, and usability. The overall assessment yielded an average mean of 3.78, interpreted as "Very Effective." Individual categories also received high ratings, with usability scoring the highest at 3.87 ("Very Usable") and materials receiving the lowest at 3.74 ("Very Good"). A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in the assessments of materials (F=4.390, p=0.006) and safety (F=3.882, p=0.011) among the evaluator groups (alpha=0.05). The TESDA experts provided the lowest mean scores for both categories, suggesting that the evaluators' professional backgrounds influenced the technical assessment of these specific indicators. Recommendations were proposed to enhance the device's overall effectiveness and efficiency. Keywords: dual-powered, dehydration device, hybrid solar-electric dryer, food dehydration, drying kinetics, specific energy consumption Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18934136 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/46 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/46/37 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eduardo Lluz Ocaña Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: University of Eastern Philippines Title: Challenges in Human Resource Management: The University of Eastern Philippines Experience Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study investigated challenges to human resource management at the University of Eastern Philippines. The research is a descriptive study that employed qualitative methods for data collection and analysis. In recruitment, selection, and placement, staffing workforce plans and recruitment plans exist. These documents are primarily based on consolidated reports and recommendations from university units and colleges. However, flaws are evident in the failure to fill vacant plantilla positions. This has resulted in hiring too many part-time lecturers due to shortages of regular faculty. These part-time hires show accommodation, as many lack master’s degrees and specializations. On training and development, problems include inefficiency from loss of documents like scholarship applications. Trainings are given less importance, with scarce opportunities. Employees are sent to seminars outside their field of specialization, and priority lists are disregarded in scholarships. Regarding performance management, mismanagement of evaluations is apparent. Individual Performance Commitment and Review (IPCR) forms are pre-signed by supervisors or peers, allowing faculty to self-evaluate and inflate ratings. For rewards and recognition, promotions could fill vacancies. Yet, accumulation of vacant positions indicates delays in filling plantilla roles. Faculty are deprived of chain promotion opportunities, worsened by management’s shifting priorities that deprioritize promotions. The study concludes that rising enrollees have caused faculty shortages, shown by numerous part-time hires. Learning and development programs are ineffective, as trainings often mismatch attendees’ specializations. Performance evaluations must be strictly enforced for accurate assessments, or they will undermine the system. PRAISE implementation is irregular; only loyalty awards are common, failing to motivate or retain top performers. Keywords: human resource management, recruitment challenges, faculty shortages, performance evaluation, training development, rewards recognition Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18950430 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/63 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/63/38 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reynaldo S. Llamo, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: Sultan Kudarat State University - Tacurong Campus Author-Name: Merly M. Alimajen Author-Workplace-Name: Sultan Kudarat State University - Tacurong Campus Title: Gastronomic Promotional Mix and Service Quality as Determinants of Tourist Satisfaction Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study investigated the determinants of tourist satisfaction in Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, focusing on the gastronomic promotional mix and service quality. Utilizing data from 390 local tourists across accredited restaurants, the research indicates a high level of overall satisfaction, particularly regarding food quality, the physical environment, and price perception. Conversely, accessibility was identified as a significant area for improvement. The analysis of the gastronomic promotional mix revealed that while tourism advertisement, publicity, and sales promotion are perceived as effective, public relations and personal selling require further refinement to maximize impact. Regarding service quality, respondents provided positive feedback on assurance, responsiveness, and empathy; however, the dimensions of tangibility and reliability received lower relative scores. Correlation analysis confirms a significant positive relationship between both the gastronomic promotional mix and service quality with tourist satisfaction. Notably, regression analysis reveals that service quality serves as the primary driver of the tourist experience. These findings suggest that stakeholders in Lake Sebu should prioritize the enhancement of service delivery—specifically focusing on reliability and tangibility—to foster positive long-term perceptions. While promotional strategies remain essential for attracting visitors, success depends on aligning these marketing efforts with actual service experiences. To exceed guest expectations and cultivate lasting customer loyalty, the local industry must ensure that the "Lake Sebu brand" promised in promotions is consistently delivered through high-quality, reliable service. This holistic approach will strengthen the region's position as a premier culinary and cultural destination. Keywords: gastronomic promotional mix, service quality, tourist satisfaction, tourism advertisement, tourism publicity, tourism public relation, tourism public selling, tourism sale promotion, reliability, assurance, responsiveness, empathy , tangibility, price perception, food quality, physical environment, accessibility,security and safety, Lake Sebu, South Cotabato Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18951660 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/65 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/65/39 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charlie Anselmo Author-Workplace-Name: Isabela State University Author-Name: Jason Cahigas Author-Workplace-Name: Saint Paul University Author-Name: Milagros Cabacungan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education Author-Name: Julius Tolentino Author-Workplace-Name: International School of Asia and the Pacific Title: Teachers’ Awareness and Readiness In Implementing The DepEd Artificial Intelligence Guidelines In Basic Education Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education by enhancing instruction, personalizing learning, and improving teaching efficiency. In response, the Department of Education (DepEd) in the Philippines introduced AI Guidelines in Basic Education to promote ethical and responsible use of AI technologies in schools. The successful implementation of these guidelines depends on teachers' awareness, readiness, and challenges when integrating AI tools into classroom practices. This study examined teachers' awareness of the DepEd AI guidelines, their readiness to implement AI in teaching, and the challenges they face in adopting AI technologies, while exploring the relationships among these variables. This study used a descriptive–correlational research design involving 60 public school teachers from elementary to senior high school selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with four sections: demographic profile, teachers' awareness, teachers' readiness, and challenges in AI implementation. The data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, and Pearson product–moment correlation. The results revealed that teachers demonstrated high awareness of the DepEd AI guidelines (overall mean = 3.34) and high readiness to integrate AI in teaching (overall mean = 3.46). However, teachers reported challenges, particularly the need for additional training and professional development and limited internet connectivity in schools. A significant positive relationship was found between teachers' awareness and readiness, while the relationships between awareness, readiness, and challenges were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that although teachers are aware and prepared to adopt AI in education, sustained institutional support, improved infrastructure, and continuous professional development are necessary for the effective implementation of the DepEd AI guidelines in basic education. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence in Education; Teachers’ Awareness; Teachers’ Readiness; DepEd AI Guidelines Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18979842 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/52 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/52/40 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gailier Facunla Author-Workplace-Name: Sultan Kudarat State University- Tacurong Campus Author-Name: Reynaldo S. Llamo, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: Sultan Kudarat State University- Tacurong Campus Title: Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Hotel Employees in Isulan, Sultan Kudarat Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This descriptive correlational study investigated the interplay between Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among hotel employees in Isulan, Sultan Kudarat with the objective of determining their current levels and the significance of their relationship. The statistical tool used is Descriptive Analysis and Correlational Analysis. Grounded in the tenets of Social Exchange Theory, the research employed a validated survey instrument to gather comprehensive data across multiple dimensions of HRMP (e.g., Work Conditions, Employee Involvement) and OCB (e.g., Altruism, Sportsmanship). The results established that the local hospitality sector manages its human capital exceptionally well, as HRMP were collectively rated as "Very Highly Practiced" (Mean = 4.70), underscoring a strong commitment to organizational support. This investment yielded substantial returns in employee behavior, with OCB also measured as "Very Highly Observed" (Mean = 4.65), confirming a culture of voluntary, extra-role effort. The core finding was the statistically robust and very high positive correlation between the two constructs, quantified by a correlation coefficient of r = .817 with p = .000. This compelling evidence led to the unequivocal rejection of the null hypothesis, solidifying the conclusion that strategic, supportive HRMP directly and powerfully influences the extent to which employees are willing to "go above and beyond" their formal duties. The study concluded that for Isulan hotels, the successful implementation of HRMP is not merely an administrative function but the central strategic leverage point for cultivating the high levels of discretionary effort necessary to ensure service excellence and competitive differentiation in the service industry. Keywords: human resource management practice, organizational citizenship behavior, hotel, employees, social exchange theory. Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18977232 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/69 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/69/41 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dexter Patron Author-Workplace-Name: University of Northern Philippines Title: Healthcare Waste Management Practices of Private Hospitals in the First District of Ilocos Sur Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Healthcare waste generated by hospitals poses significant environmental and public health risks when not properly managed. Effective healthcare waste management systems are therefore essential to ensure safe handling, treatment, and disposal of hazardous materials. This study assessed the level of healthcare waste management practices of private hospitals in the first district of Ilocos Sur and examined their relationship with selected personal-related factors, hospital-related characteristics, and institutional healthcare waste management–related factors. A descriptive quantitative research design was employed involving 160 respondents composed of management personnel or Pollution Control Officers, medical staff, and utility workers from eleven private hospitals. Data were collected using a structured survey questionnaire and institutional records. Statistical tools used in the analysis included frequency and percentage distributions, weighted means, and correlation analysis. Findings showed that healthcare waste management practices were implemented at a high level (grand mean = 3.83). Waste segregation obtained the highest rating (mean = 3.88), while waste minimization recorded the lowest rating among practice areas (mean = 3.66). Personal-related factors showed no significant relationship with overall waste management practices. In contrast, hospital-related characteristics—particularly level classification (r = .91), total waste generated (r = .89), and bed capacity (r = .86)—demonstrated strong positive relationships with implementation. Institutional factors such as guidelines, supervision, budget allocation, and waste management utilities also showed strong associations with effective practices. The findings highlight the critical role of organizational systems, institutional capacity, and operational resources in strengthening healthcare waste management in private hospitals. Effective policies, adequate funding, trained personnel, and sufficient waste management utilities collectively support the consistent implementation of safe and compliant waste handling practices. Keywords: healthcare facility waste practices; hospital operational factors; institutional waste management systems; waste segregation compliance; medical waste handling procedures; environmental safety in hospitals; healthcare waste governance Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18994707 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/56 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/56/42 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Leo Ruelos Author-Workplace-Name: University of Northern Philippines Title: Financial Management Practices of Private Hospitals in Ilocos Sur Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study assessed the level of financial management practices of private hospitals in Ilocos Sur and examined their relationship with selected hospital profile variables. It described the hospitals in terms of bed capacity, location, classification, form of business organization, years of operation, and number of employees, and evaluated their financial management practices in budgeting, investment, inventory management, and cash management. Findings showed that most private hospitals had a bed capacity of 31 and above, were located in commercial zones, classified as Level 1 hospitals, operated as sole proprietorships, had been in operation for 5 to 17 years, and employed 41 to 70 personnel. Overall, the hospitals demonstrated a high level of financial management practices across all areas, indicating generally sound financial systems that support operational efficiency and service delivery. The study further revealed that bed capacity, hospital level, and number of employees were significantly related to the overall level of financial management practices, suggesting that hospital characteristics influence the effectiveness and sustainability of financial systems. Based on these findings, the study recommends that private hospitals sustain effective financial management through regular audits, performance-based budgeting, and continuous monitoring. They may also strengthen fiscal sustainability by pursuing strategic expansion, upgrading service capabilities, investing in diagnostics and staff development, and adopting profile-based financial strategies and performance monitoring systems. These measures may help improve both financial resilience and patient care delivery. Keywords: financial management practices, private hospital, budgeting practices, inventory management, investment, cash management Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18997180 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/58 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/58/44 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adelaine Casis Author-Workplace-Name: University of Baguio Title: Exploring the Use of Storytelling to Enhance Motivation in Early English Education: Evidence from UBLES Teachers Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Storytelling engages young learners, yet its specific role in enhancing motivation in early English education within resource-limited Philippine laboratory schools remains understudied. This qualitative study explored how Nursery–Grade 3 English teachers at the University of Baguio Laboratory Elementary School (UBLES) utilize storytelling to boost learner motivation, identified the challenges encountered, explored opportunities presented, and proposed practical improvements. Data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with six purposively selected teachers, classroom observations during storytelling sessions, and analysis of lesson plans. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework was conducted, supported by data triangulation and member checking to ensure credibility. Results showed that teachers employed developmentally adapted storytelling: daily multisensory and prop-based sessions in Nursery–Kindergarten; interactive role-play, prediction, and dramatization in Grades 1–2; and reflective inference with moral discussions in Grade 3 (2–3 times weekly). These strategies generated high motivation levels evidenced by sustained attention, emotional engagement, active participation (including shy learners), increased speaking confidence, and frequent story repetition requests, while delivering rich contextualized language input. Major challenges included limited resources, time constraints, classroom management, learner diversity, and occasional cultural mismatches. Teachers adapted creatively using low-cost props, gestures, repetition, and selective L1 support. Key opportunities encompassed natural vocabulary and comprehension gains, creativity, critical thinking development, empathy building, and culturally relevant intrinsic motivation. The findings offer teacher-derived evidence of storytelling’s effectiveness in the Philippine early English context and contribute to global narrative pedagogy by extending its application to multilingual, low-resource settings. Recommendations focus on targeted teacher training, development of culturally relevant materials, curriculum integration, flexible scheduling, and strengthened school-home connections. Keywords: Storytelling, learner motivation, early English education, young learners, Philippine laboratory school, developmental adaptation, qualitative study, narrative pedagogy, culturally relevant teaching, early childhood education. Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19013864 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/60 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/60/46 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Al-Yusri Aller Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University Title: Navigating the Ups and Downs of Flexible Learning Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In response to the challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions adopted flexible learning methods to ensure the continuity and delivery of quality education. Recognizing the importance of understanding student experiences within this new learning environment, this study explored the impact of flexible learning modalities on students. The study employed a qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach to capture the lived experiences of learners. Data were collected through validated semi-structured interview questionnaires administered to selected students. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes related to students’ experiences in flexible learning. Findings revealed that students encountered several challenges while adapting to flexible learning. These included conflicts between academic tasks and domestic responsibilities, increased academic workload, unstable or unreliable internet connectivity, and uncertainties regarding their learning outcomes and academic performance. These challenges affected students’ ability to fully engage in their courses and created additional pressures in managing their academic and personal responsibilities. Despite these difficulties, students demonstrated resilience and optimism in dealing with the new learning environment. They viewed these challenges as opportunities for personal growth and development. Students developed coping strategies such as improving their time management skills, becoming more resourceful in accessing learning materials, and communicating with peers and instructors for academic support. These strategies helped them continue their studies despite the limitations posed by flexible learning. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening institutional support systems and providing accessible learning resources to better assist students in navigating flexible learning environments and enhancing their overall learning experiences. Keywords: Flexible Learning; Coping mechanism; Learning challenges; Learning opportunity Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19028141 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/61 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/61/47 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolando Jr Peralta Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Author-Name: Lorie Anne Socorro Moreno Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Title: Supporting Young Learners in Volcanic Crisis: Lived Experiences of Child Development Workers Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This phenomenological study investigates how Child Development Workers (CDWs) in La Castellana, Negros Occidental, supported young children’s psychosocial recovery during the June 2024 Canlaon volcanic eruption.  Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and Disaster Vulnerability Theory, it examines CDWs’ roles within disrupted ecological systems and heightened vulnerabilities. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with five CDWs and were analyzed thematically. Results show that CDWs provided emotional support through calm self-mastery, physical reassurance, and child-centered activities such as storytelling, games, and play, while simultaneously managing camp operations, relief distribution, and coordination with parents to sustain learning and community events. Participants reported major disruptions, including daycare and school closures, modular learning, absenteeism, and communication breakdowns due to ashfall and evacuations, alongside emotional strain from balancing fear, family responsibilities, and expectations of cheerfulness amid overcrowding, water shortages, and policy gaps (unequal aid, unrepaired daycare centers). CDWs coped through faith-based practices, peer support via informal debriefings and shared duties, and resilience reinforced by children’s visible recovery. Institutional assistance from DSWD, LGU, and NGOs provided essentials, psychosocial activities, trainings, and mobility support. The study argues for localized disaster preparedness, sustained psychosocial capacity-building, and responsive policy reforms that recognize CDWs as frontline actors in early childhood disaster response. Keywords: young learners; volcanic crisis; lived experiences; child development; phenomenology Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19045771 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/68 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/68/49 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Licuanan Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Kelly Amarillo Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Janika Estangki Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Haide Estonactoc Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Jocelyn Dupingay Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Marites Marrero Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Marie Claire Anselmo Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Adriano Sabado Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Title: Graduate Students’ Self-Efficacy in Using ChatGPT for Academic Tasks Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to transform higher education, particularly through generative tools such as ChatGPT, which support academic writing, research development, and data analysis. This study examined graduate students’ self-efficacy in using ChatGPT for academic tasks at a private higher education institution. A quantitative descriptive–comparative research design was employed, and data were collected from 54 graduate students using a structured questionnaire measuring five domains: academic writing, research skills, data analysis and interpretation, critical thinking and responsible use, and overall academic confidence. The results revealed a high level of self-efficacy across all domains, with an overall mean of 3.13. Among the domains, academic writing self-efficacy obtained the highest mean score, indicating strong confidence in utilizing ChatGPT for writing-related tasks in academic settings. An independent samples t-test showed no significant difference in self-efficacy when grouped by sex. However, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference based on the frequency of ChatGPT use, with students who reported always using the tool demonstrating higher self-efficacy than those who rarely used it. Effect size analysis indicated a small practical effect for sex and a moderate effect for frequency of use. These findings suggest that experiential engagement with AI tools plays a more substantial role in shaping academic confidence than demographic characteristics. This study underscores the importance of structured exposure, institutional guidelines, and ethical training to promote responsible and effective AI integration in graduate education. Keywords: ChatGPT, self-efficacy, graduate students, artificial intelligence in education, academic confidence Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19058234 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/89 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/89/50 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brenda Noh Author-Workplace-Name: University of Baguio Title: Exploring the Experience Among Kindergarten Teachers in Selected Private Preschools in Baguio City Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Abstract. Kindergarten education in the Philippines serves as a critical foundation for lifelong learning, yet private preschool teachers face unique, understudied challenges in implementing the Philippine Early Childhood Development (PECD) Checklist amid large class sizes, diverse learner needs, administrative burdens, and heightened parental expectations. While existing literature largely focuses on public schools, little attention has been given to the realities of private preschools, particularly in urban settings like Baguio City. This qualitative descriptive study explored the lived experiences of ten experienced kindergarten teachers in selected private preschools in Baguio City, addressing three research questions: (1) challenges in PECD implementation, (2) effects on developmental competencies, and (3) coping strategies employed. Data were collected through semi-structured written interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework. Four major themes emerged: (1) multifaceted PECD implementation challenges, especially time constraints, large classes, and the subjective socio-emotional domain; (2) intensified workload and institutional pressures reducing teaching effectiveness; (3) tangible delays in children's motor, self-help, and socio-emotional outcomes; and (4) teachers' resourceful coping mechanisms (e.g., differentiation, peer collaboration) alongside calls for smaller classes, aides, reduced paperwork, and targeted professional development. Findings reveal structural constraints hinder equitable PECD attainment and align with global research on emotional labor in high-ratio settings, while extending Philippine observations into the private sector. The study underscores the urgent need for policy reforms (e.g., class-size caps, non-teaching hours) and institutional support to empower teachers and realize Sustainable Development Goal 4 in private early childhood education. Keywords: kindergarten teachers, PECD checklist, private preschools, challenges, coping strategies, qualitative descriptive research Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19059453 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/59 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/59/51 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Bucol Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cebu Author-Name: Rafael Bachanicha Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cebu Author-Name: Kimberlaine Endorte Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cebu Author-Name: Kingie Micabalo Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cebu Title: Measuring Customer Satisfaction of Students in the College of Computer Studies Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Student satisfaction is widely recognized as a crucial indicator of educational quality and institutional effectiveness in higher education, particularly in technology-related programs where academic experiences, learning resources, and institutional support services converge to influence student outcomes. This study aimed to examine the level of satisfaction among students in the College of Computer Studies at the University of Cebu – Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue (UCLM) and to identify the factors that significantly influence their overall satisfaction with institutional services. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study gathered data from 554 students enrolled in various programs within the college through a structured survey questionnaire. The instrument assessed multiple dimensions of student satisfaction, including instructional quality, academic advising and student support, learning resources, and campus facilities. Data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages to describe respondent profiles, weighted mean to determine the level of satisfaction, chi-square tests of independence to examine relationships between variables, and regression analysis to identify the most significant predictors of overall satisfaction. The findings revealed that students generally expressed a high level of satisfaction with the institutional services provided by the university. Among the factors examined, academic advising and student support, instructional quality, and the availability of learning resources emerged as the strongest predictors of overall satisfaction. However, certain areas, particularly internet connectivity within the campus, were identified as aspects requiring improvement. These findings highlight the importance of adequate infrastructure and accessible technological resources in shaping positive student perceptions and learning experiences. The study concludes that student satisfaction is multidimensional and influenced by a dynamic interaction of academic, administrative, and resource-related factors. Addressing these dimensions holistically can enhance the overall educational experience, strengthen student engagement, and improve institutional effectiveness through continuous enhancement of instructional practices, support services, and technological infrastructure. Keywords: Student satisfaction, higher education quality, computer studies, technology programs, insitituitional services Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19104732 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/71 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/71/52 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jisalyn Camariosa Author-Workplace-Name: Kibongkog Integrated School Author-Name: Leo Jade Matalubos Author-Workplace-Name: Kalagangan Central Elementary School Title: Level of Awareness among Tigwahanon Learners and their Perception towards Gender Sensitivity Training Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Gender awareness helps create respectful and inclusive learning environments. This understanding is especially important for Indigenous learners, who come from diverse cultural backgrounds. This study investigated the levelof awareness among students regarding gender-related terminologies, gender rights, and gender inclusive practices in daily life. It also looked at their perception towards gender sensitivity training. In addition, the researcher explored whether there is a relationship between gender awareness and students’ perceptions of such training. The study used a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design. A total of 165 students from Grades 7 to 12 at Kibongkog Integrated School in Kibongkog, San Fernando, Bukidnon, participated in the study. Data were collected using a survey questionnaire adapted from Casas et al. (2024). The responses were analyzed using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. The results showed that the learners had a very high level of gender awareness. They were familiar with gender-related terms, understood gender rights, and practiced inclusiveness in their daily interactions. The students also showed positive perceptions toward gender sensitivity training, indicating that they believe such training is helpful and important in promoting respect and understanding among people of different genders. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between gender awareness and students’ perceptions of gender sensitivity training. This means that students who have a better understanding of gender issues are more likely to support gender-related programs and activities. Because of this result, the null hypothesis was not accepted. The findings highlight the importance of continuing gender- and culturally responsive education, especially for Indigenous learners. Schools should continue promoting respect, equality, and inclusiveness. By doing this, educational institutions can ensure that all learners, regardless of gender, culture, or personal background, feel valued, respected, and supported in their learning environment. Keywords: gender awareness, gender-related terminologies, gender rights, gender-inclusive practices, gender sensitivity training Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19105401 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/100 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/100/53 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hezron Camariosa Author-Workplace-Name: Basbasanan To Diraya To Tigwa Author-Name: Leo Jade Matalubos Author-Workplace-Name: Kalagangan Central Elementary School Title: Learning Environment as a Correlate to Interest in Social Studies of Grade Six Learners Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study explored links between the learning environment and interest in Social Studies among Grade Six students in selected schools in San Fernando II District, Division of Bukidnon. It examined students’ views on classroom positive climate, personal negative behavior, persistent in major challenges, diverse value influence, and their overall interest in learning. Researchers used a descriptive-correlational design and simple random sampling. Data were collected using tools adapted from McGhee et al. (2007) with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.932. Mean and standard deviation assessed the learning environment and student interest; Pearson product-moment correlation identified significant variable relationships. The findings showed that students rated classroom climate, persistence in facing challenges, and the influence of diverse values as very satisfactory, while personal negative behavior was rated as moderately satisfactory. Interest in Social Studies was very high. Notably, strong positive relationships existed between classroom climate, persistence, and diverse value influence with student interest, suggesting that these factors together foster engagement and curiosity. Conversely, personal negative behavior did not affect interest, indicating that occasional negative experiences did not diminish overall engagement. Consequently, the null hypothesis for personal negative behavior was accepted, while the null hypotheses for classroom positive climate, persistence in major challenges, and diverse value influence were not accepted based on the findings above. Considering these conclusions, students and parents should keep encouraging positive study habits and engagement. Teachers and school leaders should continue building inclusive, motivating, and supportive classrooms. Future researchers may also examine other influences on students’ interest, such as teaching methods, family background, peer relationships, and technology use. Keywords: learning environment, social studies interest, classroom climate, learner engagement, descriptive-correlational research. Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19108840 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/101 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/101/55 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenmark Villaos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education Author-Name: Leodegario, Jr. Jalos Author-Workplace-Name: Marinduque State University Title: Effects of Adapting Instruction on Academic Performance of Selected Learners at Guites National High School Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study explored the effects of adapting instruction through scaffolding, real-world context, and formative assessment strategies on the academic performance of Grade 7 and Grade 10 learners at Guites National High School. The primary objective was to determine the learners’ level of performance before and after the implementation of adaptive instructional strategies, identify whether significant differences existed between the results, and develop an instructional framework that could enhance the teaching of Mathematics and Science. The study employed a quasi-experimental research design using pretests and posttests to measure the learners’ performance in selected first-quarter competencies. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tools such as mean scores and paired sample t-tests to determine the significance of changes in learners’ academic performance after the intervention. The adaptive instructional strategies implemented during the study included scaffolding techniques to guide learners through complex tasks, the use of real-world contexts to make lessons more meaningful and relevant, and continuous formative assessments to monitor progress and provide timely feedback. The findings revealed a notable improvement in learners’ academic performance following the implementation of adaptive instruction. Grade 7 learners in Mathematics demonstrated an increase in their mean score from Fairly Satisfactory to Outstanding, while Grade 10 learners in Science showed a similar improvement from Satisfactory to Outstanding levels. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between the pretest and posttest scores, indicating that the intervention positively influenced learners’ conceptual understanding, engagement, and mastery of competencies. Based on these findings, an instructional framework was proposed to support learner-centered, contextualized, and reflective teaching practices. The study concludes that adaptive instruction promotes meaningful learning experiences and improved academic outcomes, and it is recommended that teachers integrate scaffolding, real-world applications, and continuous formative assessment in Mathematics and Science instruction. Keywords: academic performance, instruction, learner, mathematics, and science Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19123051 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/102 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/102/57 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeo J. Maniulit Author-Workplace-Name: Taguig City University Title: Learning with AI, Not From AI: A Post-exposure Evaluation of NotebookLM Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The increasing integration of artificial intelligence in higher education necessitates systematic evaluation of its instructional effectiveness, particularly in supporting students’ cognitive engagement. This study examined the responsiveness of an AI-assisted tool, NotebookLM, in enhancing cognitive task performance among pre-service mathematics teachers in a tertiary setting. Specifically, it sought to evaluate students’ post-exposure perceptions of the tool’s functionality, accessibility, technical requirements, privacy and data protection, and social and cognitive presence during classroom-based Learning Station activities. Employing a descriptive–evaluative research design with a case study approach, the study involved 45 Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Mathematics students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from the eCampusOntario rubric for evaluating AI tools, consisting of both Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and weighted means, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis to capture recurring patterns in students’ experiences. Findings revealed generally positive perceptions of NotebookLM, particularly in supporting comprehension, organization of ideas, and collaborative learning tasks. However, students also identified challenges related to initial navigation and dependency on stable internet connectivity. Overall, the study highlights the potential of AI-supported learning stations in enhancing cognitive task engagement while underscoring the importance of guided implementation. The results contribute to the growing discourse on responsible and pedagogically grounded integration of AI tools in teacher education. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, cognitive tasks, learning stations, higher education, NotebookLM Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19142887 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/75 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/75/59 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glydel Eveth Enriquez Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education Author-Name: Noel Palomares Author-Workplace-Name: Marinduque State University Title: Influence of School Heads' Conflict Management Styles to Teachers' Attributes and Parental Involvement in the Division of Lucena City; Basis for Intervention Program Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined the influence of school heads’ conflict management styles on teachers’ attributes and parental involvement in selected public elementary schools in the Division of Lucena City. It aimed to determine the prevailing conflict management styles, their effects on teacher motivation, professionalism, job satisfaction, and performance, as well as parental engagement in school activities. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the research utilized an adapted survey questionnaire administered to school heads and teachers during the first quarter of the 2025–2026 school year. Statistical tools such as mean, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and regression analysis were employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that the collaborating and compromising styles were the most frequently practiced approaches among school heads, promoting open communication, professionalism, and active parental participation. Using regression analysis, the findings revealed a significant positive relationship between conflict management and teachers’ attributes (R = .320, R² = .102, B = .353, p < .001) and parental involvement (R = .577, R² = .333, B = .433, p < .001). These results indicate that effective conflict management by school heads enhances teacher performance and fosters stronger collaboration with parents. Based on the findings, it is recommended that school heads engage in professional development and training to strengthen their conflict management skills, thereby promoting a more harmonious school environment and encouraging active parental participation. An intervention program focusing on collaborative leadership, empathetic communication, and professional development was proposed to enhance school leadership and conflict resolution practices. Keywords: teachers, education, conflict management styles, attributes, parental involvement, intervention program Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Pages: 300-318 Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19159140 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/107 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/107/60 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janela Urna Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Niña Cabatingan Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Trieyan Troy Tapere Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhea Nichaela Ragasajo Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: John Wesely Dicdican Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Christian Joy Dela Rama Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Relationship Between Study Vlogs and Topic Interest among Grade 11 Students in General Mathematics Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Study vlogs are online videos where students show their study habits, routines, and tips that other students can follow. On the other hand, Topic interest is a student’s attention, curiosity, and motivation for a subject, which grows over time and helps improve learning and performance. This study examined the relationship of study vlogs in developing the students’ topic interest in General Mathematics. A correlational design was used in this study to examine whether two different variables have a relationship. There were 62 grade 11 respondents utilized by the researchers. The research was carried out at Maguikay High School in G.K. Sudlon, Maguikay, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines, 6014. A researcher-made survey questionnaire with a 4-point Likert scale was used in this study, and the reliability of the instruments was tested using Cronbach’s alpha which yielded .94 for study vlogs and .96 for topic interest, which were computed using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Each questionnaire helped the researcher clearly find the connection of each variable. The finding shows that there is a significant relationship between study vlogs and topic interest. Therefore, study vlogs could increase interest and improve math skills, especially when combined with teacher guidance and classroom activities. Overall, using study vlogs as a learning aid makes students more excited and active in General Mathematics. It builds lasting curiosity about math topics. Fun videos help them remember lessons better. They can study at their own speed without stress. It fixes confusion on hard ideas like equations. It sparks talks and tips with friends and teachers. This teamwork brings better skills and top grades for a long time. Keywords: study vlogs, topic interest, general mathematics, correlational study, pearson correlation Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19182395 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/116 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/116/62 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jhenriel Bantigue Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rexel Sison Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Lorceap Uziah Colipano Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Kyle James Montecillo Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Archiel Gutana Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Juliekent Undalok Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Aljohn Agus Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Waves of Security: RFID-Enabled System and Attendance Monitoring of Students Publication-Status: Published Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) ID system is a method of identifying people using radio waves. It detects and records individuals through tags embedded in their ID cards. An automated attendance system is a digital tool that tracks and manages student attendance without needing manual input. This greatly improves accuracy, reliability, and overall efficiency while lowering human errors and administrative burdens. This study used a quasi-experimental quantitative design to assess the effectiveness of the RFID-enabled attendance system with SMS notification features for monitoring student attendance at Maguikay National High School in Mandaue City. The researchers conducted descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate the system’s performance, reliability, and efficiency during the trials throughout the study. The results showed that the RFID system consistently recorded attendance accurately and reliably across all trials. It demonstrated its ability to efficiently monitor attendance. However, the performance of the SMS notification feature varied based on network conditions, signal strength, and system load during different testing periods. The system aimed to provide a quicker, more organized, and user-friendly way to track student entry and exit at school, all while keeping precise attendance records. The SMS notification feature was designed to improve communication between the school and parents or guardians by sending timely alerts about student attendance status. This promotes transparency and parental involvement. Overall, the findings confirm that the RFID-enabled attendance system is a reliable, efficient, and effective tool for enhancing attendance monitoring. It supports administrative processes and may benefit various educational institutions looking to implement technology-based solutions for managing students. Keywords: radio frequency identification (RFID), automated attendance system, smart identification technology, student tracking system, campus security management, digital monitoring, educational information systems, school-based automation, data management, technology integration Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19182397 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/117 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/117/63 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Debbie Villacuatro Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Angel Mary Florentino Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Jhon Reynald Ajoc Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: John Caryl Sa-a Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Niña Therese Avenido Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Edilyn Balcita Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Bioremediating Butuanon: Investigating the Potential of Termite Nest Microbes and Banana Peel Biochar in Improving Water Quality Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Termite nest microbes and banana peel biochar are natural, nutrient-rich materials with potential applications in sustainable bioremediation. This study evaluated their effectiveness as low-cost treatment agents for improving the water quality of the critically polluted Butuanon River in Mandaue City, Cebu. Using a posttest-only true experimental design under a quantitative research approach, polluted river water samples were treated with termite nest microbes and banana peel biochar prepared via pyrolysis at 350°C applied individually and in combination at varying concentrations (1g, 2g, and 3g). The effects of the treatments were assessed based on changes in pH level, turbidity, odor, color, and selected heavy metal concentrations across three trials. Water samples were collected from the field and analyzed under controlled laboratory conditions during the academic year 2024–2025. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests revealed that all treatments significantly altered water parameters (p < 0.05). The findings indicate that banana peel biochar demonstrated stronger performance in enhancing clarity, color, and odor due to its high adsorption capacity and porous structure. In contrast, combined treatments produced greater, dose-dependent increases in pH levels, attributed to the synergistic buffering effect of mineral-rich termite material and alkaline biochar. However, higher combined dosages also increased turbidity, likely due to suspended particles from the added materials. While no heavy metals were detected, the presence of non-metal contaminants like sulfite and fluoride was noted. Overall, the results highlight the potential of termite nest microbes and banana peel biochar as effective, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable alternatives for water quality improvement. These findings support the application of locally available natural materials in community-based environmental remediation efforts. Keywords: termite nest microbes, banana peel biochar, water quality, butuanon river Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19183900 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/123 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/123/64 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Niño Ragas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Jerah Mae Arinas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Marti Legania Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Mica Era Agana Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Nicole Ann Ma-oy Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Vienie Bation Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: From Leaf to Line: A Quantitative Study of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea l.) Extract as Paper Highlighter Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) contains natural chlorophyll pigments that can be utilized as an environmentally friendly dye for paper-based applications. Due to concerns about the environmental impact of synthetic fluorescent dyes and potential health risks associated with petroleum-based stationery products, plant-based extracts are being explored as sustainable alternatives for highlighter ink production. This study investigated the effectiveness of spinach extract as a natural paper highlighter by examining five dependent variables: color visibility measured through CIE Lab colorimetric analysis, color retention over 1, 2, 3, and 24 hours under ambient conditions, smear resistance using a five-point rating scale, color stability under exposure to seven visible light wavelengths (ROYGBIV), and production cost efficiency. The independent variable consisted of five formulations with varying spinach masses (50 g, 150 g, and 250 g) and acid concentrations (1.5 g and 3 g each of citric and ascorbic acid) as stabilizing agents. The study employed a true experimental quantitative design using a Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design conducted at the Maguikay National High School Science Laboratory, where spinach extract highlighters were compared with a commercial synthetic highlighter as the control group. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among formulations in color visibility and color retention. Formulation E (250 g spinach with 1.5 g each of citric and ascorbic acid) demonstrated the most balanced performance, achieving visibility comparable to the commercial highlighter, high color retention, strong smear resistance, good light stability, and the lowest production cost (₱21.00 per unit), indicating that spinach extract highlighters represent a viable, sustainable, and cost-efficient alternative to synthetic paper highlighters. Keywords: spinach extract, natural highlighter, sustainability, green chemistry, chlorophyll pigment, eco-friendly ink, color visibility, color retention, smear resistance, paper highlighter Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19184086 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/124 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/124/65 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Berlyn Mae Pabelliore Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Crisha Mae Ruiz Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Sean Evans Mondano Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Angeli Amor Perilla Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Shenit Bantigue Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Vincent Nicole Banlaygas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Joycemae Hucamis Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Batobalani sa Gugma: Deep Faith in Balaang Bata Among Tig-Sinug. A Phenomenological Study Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This phenomenological research aims to explore the experiences of the Tig-sinug community to understand their deep connection and their belief in the Balaang. This research was undertaken to examine the ways in which the Tig-sinug community expresses their belief in the Señor Santo Niño through their involvement in the Sinulog festivities. It was also aimed at determining the impact of the belief in the Señor Santo Niño on the life, belief, and identity of the Tig-sinug community. Phenomenology was the research design used to explore the personal experiences of the participants about their belief in the Balaang. Seven Tig-sinug participants were chosen by the researchers to participate in the research, based on their active involvement in the religious rituals related to the Sinulog festivities. The research was undertaken at the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño de Cebu in Cebu City, a religious site associated with the belief in the Señor Santo Niño. Qualitative data was collected through research, which was analyzed using Thematic Analysis (TA). Thematic Analysis is a simple, flexible, and frequently used data analysis procedure to analyze the data collected through qualitative research, as described by Braun and Clarke (2012). The four major themes were identified: Changes in Life, where the role of faith and devotion was seen to impact personal transformations; Deep Faith, where the deep faith of the participants of Balaang was emphasized; Devotion, where the importance of religious activities and rituals associated with Sinulog was highlighted; and Sinug as a Livelihood, where the economic need was seen to be met through the activities associated with Sinulog. In conclusion, the phenomenological study has clearly shown the importance of Batobalani sa Gugma, where deep faith was seen to have been exhibited by the participants of Balaang, a religious activity associated with the Tig-sinug community. The study has clearly shown the deep relationship that exists between faith, beliefs, and culture, where the community's identity was clearly seen to have been associated with their religious activities, the Sinulog festival, and the Balaang religious activity. It is recommended that future studies could explore the evolution of deep faith and devotion, especially with the impact of modernization, tourism, and globalization. Keywords: batobalani sa gugma, deep faith, science, thematic analysis, phenomenological study Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19204975 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/125 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/125/66 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kent Voices Sibulan Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Ivan Angeles Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Ronald Kenneth Felizarte Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Kiara Cy Abaniel Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Dayang Zicen Buahe Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Mary Grace Caballeron Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Baby Jean Lagan Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Apple Grace Mendova Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Author-Name: Hujaipa Sahiddin Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Title: Examining the Relationship Between Hotel Familiarization and Internship Performance of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Students at Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Experiential learning plays a crucial role in hospitality management education as it allows students to translate theoretical knowledge into practical competencies required in professional environments. This study examined the relationship between the performance of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM) students during hotel familiarization and their performance during midyear internship training at Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point Campus. The study employed a descriptive–correlational research design using performance evaluation records of 56 BSHM students who completed both hotel familiarization and internship training during the academic year 2024–2025. Descriptive statistics were used to determine students’ performance levels, while simple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the two experiential learning activities. Results revealed that most students achieved Satisfactory performance during hotel familiarization (45%), with a grand mean score of 77.8, indicating fairly satisfactory competency during the preparatory stage. In contrast, performance during internship training improved significantly, with 48% of respondents achieving Highly Satisfactory ratings and 14% obtaining Excellent performance. Regression analysis revealed a moderate positive relationship (R = 0.532, p < .001) between hotel familiarization performance and internship performance. The findings demonstrate that hotel familiarization significantly contributes to students’ readiness and performance during internship training. The study provides empirical evidence supporting the institutionalization of hotel familiarization as a vital and recurring experiential learning activity that should be conducted yearly to enhance students’ practical competencies and professional preparedness in hospitality management education. Keywords: hospitality education, experiential learning, hotel familiarization, internship training, student performance Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19235816 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/129 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/129/67 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Billy Joe Orillo Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Annika Mendoza Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Cristyl Jean Pelare Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: April Rose Alcala Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Mary Joy Suarez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Scroll to Learn: Effect of Facebook Reels on the Vocabulary Development of Grade 7 Students Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined the effect of Facebook Reels on the vocabulary development of Grade 7 students at Maguikay National High School during the first semester of School Year 2025–2026. Facebook Reels are short-form video clips that users can create, share, and discover on the Facebook platform, typically lasting up to 90 seconds. These videos often present information in an engaging and visual format that may help learners encounter and remember new words. Vocabulary development, on the other hand, refers to the process of acquiring and expanding the words a person understands and uses in communication. The study aimed to determine whether exposure to Facebook Reels significantly improves students’ English vocabulary skills. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, utilizing a pre-test and post-test approach. The participants of the study consisted of sixty-three (63) Grade 7 students selected by the researchers. The research was conducted at Maguikay National High School located in G.K. Sudlon, Maguikay, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines. Two-page standardized vocabulary tests were used as the primary research instruments to measure the students’ vocabulary development before and after the intervention. The instrument was tested for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha, which obtained a value of 0.79, indicating acceptable internal consistency. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools to determine the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores. The findings revealed that there was a significant difference in the students’ vocabulary performance after exposure to Facebook Reels. Based on the results, the study concludes that Facebook Reels can serve as an effective instructional tool in enhancing the English vocabulary skills of Grade 7 students. Keywords: facebook reels, vocabulary development, quasi-experimental, Cebu Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19237631 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/130 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/130/68 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Estrelita Del Rosario Author-Workplace-Name: Schools Division of Lucena City Author-Name: Verna Liza Capiña Author-Workplace-Name: Marinduque State University Title: Management Skills of School Heads in MOOE Utilization and Public Elementary School Performance in Lucena City, Philippines Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In response to today’s evolving and increasing demands from stakeholders for high-quality educational services, school leaders must fully understand the financial aspects of school planning that contribute to the effective, efficient, economical, and ethical management of educational resources. This study examined the management skills of school heads in the efficient utilization of the Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE) and its relation on school performance. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study gathered quantitative data from teachers of ten public elementary schools in a highly urbanized city of Lucena, Philippines, through survey questionnaires, complemented by qualitative insights from interviews and document analysis. Results revealed that school heads generally possess a high level of financial management skills, particularly in budgeting, disbursing, monitoring and utilization, transparency accountability and adherence to Department of Education (DepEd) guidelines. The findings highlight that effective financial management directly contributes to educational productivity and the optimal use of limited resources, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). The study recommends continuous capacity-building programs for school heads to strengthen fiscal accountability and strategic resource utilization, ensuring that every peso of public funds translates into tangible improvements in learning outcomes and school performance. Keywords: maintenance and other operating expenses, MOOE, school heads management skills, public elementary school performance Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19245364 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/133 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/133/69 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marlon Adlit Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education-Central Office Author-Name: Marlene Adlit Author-Workplace-Name: San Pedro, Laguna Resettlement Community School Author-Name: Mylin Zaide Author-Workplace-Name: San Pedro, Laguna Resettlement Community School Author-Name: Carmencita Cañete Author-Workplace-Name: San Pedro Relocation Center National High School Author-Name: Diecelyn Barrozo Author-Workplace-Name: Sto. Niño Elementary School Title: Examining the Educational Implications of Generative AI: A Meta-Synthesis on Civic Literacy, Ideological Bias, and Epistemic Security Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) have significantly transformed global education, particularly in the production, validation, and acquisition of information. While these technologies provide remarkable convenience and personalization, they also present serious epistemic, ideological, and pedagogical challenges that disrupt traditional knowledge frameworks. This concept paper critically synthesizes 50 scholarly works published between 2023 and 2025, exploring GenAI’s impact on civic literacy, ideological viewpoints, cognitive processes, and classroom authority. The synthesis identifies four main areas of concern that jeopardize the integrity of democratic education. First, it highlights the structural propensity of LLMs to create "hallucinations," including false political and legal information that can mislead learners and educators alike. Second, the study exposes systemic biases stemming from predominantly Western-centric training data that often neglect diverse epistemologies and indigenous knowledge systems from countries in the Global South. Third, it raises significant concerns about knowledge transfer and the potential erosion of learners' analytical and reasoning abilities, a phenomenon known as cognitive offloading or the "mindset editor" effect. Lastly, the paper discusses the rise of algorithmically personalized information feeds, which may hinder pluralistic dialogue and reinforce ideological echo chambers. In response to these challenges, the paper introduces a transformative framework known as the ‘Pedagogy of Truth.’ This framework encourages educators to act as "epistemic referees," guiding students to critically engage with synthetic content through thorough validation, source triangulation, and culturally relevant inquiry. The study calls for comprehensive curriculum reforms to integrate GenAI literacy across civic, social, and technological domains, ensuring human judgment remains paramount in promoting truth and evidence-based discourse in the post-truth era. Keywords: generative AI, ideological bias, civic literacy, ai pedagogy, pedagogy of truth Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19245507 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/134 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/134/70 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adriano Sabado Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Traily Maggay Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Dante Julaton Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Novelyn Edroso Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Jonalyn Geronimo Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Kristine Joy Ramos Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Mary Jane Barnatia Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Marie Claire Anselmo Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Title: Teachers’ Lived Experiences of Using Artificial Intelligence as Support in Modular Distance Learning Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in education globally signifies a substantial transformation in pedagogical paradigms, offering personalized learning and resource optimization while presenting critical ethical challenges, such as data privacy and algorithmic bias. This study examined teachers’ experiences utilizing AI to support modular distance learning. Utilizing a qualitative phenomenological research design, this study involved 11 graduate student teachers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify significant patterns and common meanings. The findings revealed four major themes: increased work efficiency and productivity; instructional support and enhancement; challenges and ethical concerns; and professional growth and pedagogical adjustment. Teachers reported that AI tools—particularly generative platforms such as ChatGPT and design-based applications such as Canva—streamlined lesson planning, activity creation, module preparation, and feedback generation. AI was perceived as a practical co-support tool that improved clarity, personalization, and overall instructional quality. However, participants also identified challenges, including unstable Internet connectivity, potential inaccuracies in AI-generated content, risks of overreliance, and concerns related to academic integrity. These challenges prompted greater critical awareness and responsible use among teachers. Importantly, AI integration fosters professional growth by enhancing digital competence, reflective practice, and adaptive teaching strategies. The study concludes that AI in modular distance learning functions simultaneously as a productivity enhancer, instructional support mechanism, ethical challenge, and catalyst for professional growth. Effective integration requires institutional support, structured AI literacy training, and ethical implementation frameworks to ensure the responsible and equitable use of AI in educational contexts. Keywords: artificial intelligence; modular distance learning; teachers’ lived experiences; ai literacy; educational technology; professional growth Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19245677 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/135 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/135/71 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reymond Corimo Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Jenish Andrea Alipin Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Mae Ann Bantigue Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Romel Monilar Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Kieth Dheryll Pilapil Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Michell Eran Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Effect of Doodle Note-taking on Recall and Retention in Science 10 Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Doodle note-taking is a visual note-taking strategy that combines words, drawings, symbols, and colors to help learners organize and understand information effectively. It allows students to represent ideas visually, making complex concepts easier to process, analyze, and remember during learning activities. Recall and retention refer to students’ ability to remember, understand, and retrieve learned scientific concepts over time. Strengthening these abilities is essential for improving students’ academic performance, particularly in subjects like Science where understanding and remembering key ideas are important. This study examined the effect of doodle note-taking on the recall and retention of Grade 10 students in Science. A quasi-experimental research design under the quantitative approach was employed to determine whether there was a significant difference between students’ pre-test and post-test scores after the use of doodle note-taking. The respondents of the study were 35 Grade 10 students from Section Fidelity of Maguikay National High School. A researcher-made two-page test questionnaire was used to gather data on students’ recall and retention before and after the intervention. The instrument obtained a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.72, indicating that the test was reliable for measuring students’ performance. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test to determine if there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results. The findings revealed a significant improvement in students’ post-test scores compared to their pre-test scores after the implementation of doodle note-taking. Thus, doodle note-taking proved to be an effective instructional strategy that enhances students’ recall and retention in Science 10 and contributes to improved learning outcomes, deeper understanding of concepts, and more active student engagement. Keywords: doodle note taking, recall and retention, science, quasi experimental Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19255267 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/137 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/137/72 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edreson Torteo Author-Workplace-Name: University of the Philippines-Los Banos Author-Name: Alegria Gallega Author-Workplace-Name: Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo City Author-Name: Randy Carmen Author-Workplace-Name: Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo City Author-Name: Charles Gilmay Paraon Author-Workplace-Name: Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo City Title: Spatial Distribution, Socioeconomic Profiling, Income Assessment, and Production Determinants of Panday (Blacksmith) Makers in the Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Pandayan is one of the most noble, traditional, and enduring indigenous crafts in the Philip pines, particularly in marginalized rural areas. It provides a vital source of livelihood, cultural identity, and essential agricultural tools for rural communities. This study examined the spatial distribution, demographic profile, household characteristics, and livelihood conditions of panday workers in the Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo. Twelve panday respondents were purposively selected and surveyed using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and geographic coordinate recording. Descriptive statistical methods were employed to analyze spatial, demographic, household, and livelihood variables. Results revealed panday workers were spatially clustered within a narrow geographic and altitudinal range in Barangay Bingawan. All respondents were male and married, with educational attainment ranging from elementary to secondary levels, and all relied solely on panday-making as their primary source of income. Household characteristics were dominated by nuclear family structures with moderate household sizes, indicating strong household dependence on panday-making, reinforced by more than 15 years of work experience among respondents. Agricultural tools—particularly bolos—comprised the main products, while marketing was primarily conducted through direct selling and local market channels. Although panday-making remains economically viable for some respondents, overall livelihood vulnerability persists due to limited productivity, an aging labor force, and constrained market access. The study concludes that panday-making in Badiangan is a culturally significant yet economically fragile indigenous livelihood. Targeted interventions focusing on youth participation, the adoption of appropriate technology, product diversification, and market development are essential to ensure the sustainability and continuity of this traditional craft. Keywords: panday workers, blacksmithing, indigenous livelihood, spatial distribution, rural enterprise, Badiangan, Iloilo Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19255413 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/138 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/138/73 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daisy Awa-ao Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Joana Mae Daganio Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Sheena May Egnal Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Desire Ofanda Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Lyca Ofilan Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jonathan Garado Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: John Daryl Guimbaolibot Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Ian Roger Guimbaolibot Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Elizabeth Dañas Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Title: The Influence of Customer Generated Reviews on Purchase Intentions among Business Students in the Philippine E-Commerce Market Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined the impact of customer-generated reviews on the purchase intentions of business students in the Philippine e-commerce market, specifically at Eastern Samar State University Guiuan Campus. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire distributed to 267 business students during the first semester of the 2025–2026 academic year.  The rapid expansion of e-commerce in the Philippines has increased reliance on customer-generated reviews (CGRs) in consumer decision-making. This study examined the influence of CGRs—accuracy, completeness, and timeliness—on purchase intentions among business students at Eastern Samar State University–Guiuan Campus. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, a quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed. Using proportionate stratified random sampling, 267 business students were surveyed through an adapted questionnaire. Data were analyzed using weighted mean and Pearson’s r. Results revealed that students perceived reviews as accurate (M=3.66), complete (M=3.76), and timely (M=3.75), with an overall moderate purchase intention (M=3.95). Significant positive relationships were found between accuracy (r=.553), completeness (r=.589), timeliness (r=.610), and purchase intention (p<.001). Timeliness emerged as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that credible and recent reviews significantly influence online purchasing decisions. E-commerce platforms should prioritize authentic, detailed, and updated review systems to enhance consumer trust. The findings revealed that students generally perceived customer reviews as accurate, complete, and timely. A significant positive relationship was found between each of these review dimensions and purchase intention, with timeliness showing the strongest influence, followed by completeness and accuracy. These results underscore the critical role of customer-generated reviews in shaping consumer trust and purchase decisions in digital marketplaces. Keywords: customer-generated reviews, purchase intention, e-commerce, online reviews, business students Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19255612 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/139 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/139/74 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Genelyn Baluyos Author-Workplace-Name: Misamis University Author-Name: John Mark Saldivar Author-Workplace-Name: La Salle University Author-Name: Romeo Daligdig Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education Region IX Title: The Mediating Effects of Artificial and Ethical Intelligence on the Relationship Between Pedagogical Competence and Preservice Teachers’ Performance Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Behind every effective preservice teacher is a blend of competence, technology, and ethical insight. This study investigated the mediating effects of emerging technology and ethical intelligence on the relationship between pedagogical competence and preservice teachers’ performance. Using a cross-sectional predictive correlational research design with mediation analysis, the study involved 231 fourth-year preservice teachers from Region X who participated in the 2024 PAFTE ASTER 10 Conference. Validated instruments measured pedagogical competence, use of emerging technology, ethical intelligence, and teaching performance. Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed in Jamovi, using statistical tools including the mean, standard deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation, and generalized linear model (GLM) mediation analysis. Results revealed that preservice teachers exhibited high levels of pedagogical competence, technology use, and ethical intelligence, particularly in empathetic engagement and professional integrity. Their performance was rated satisfactory in lesson planning, adaptive teaching, professional development, and collaboration. Significant correlations were found between pedagogical competence and performance, as well as between technology use and performance. Ethical intelligence also showed a meaningful relationship with performance. GLM mediation analysis showed that emerging technology partially mediated the relationship between pedagogical competence and performance. Although ethical intelligence was positively related to both pedagogical competence and technology use, it did not significantly mediate the direct relationship with performance. However, its indirect effect, in combination with technology, strengthened this relationship. Pedagogical competence significantly influences preservice teachers’ performance, and emerging technology further enhances this effect. Teacher education programs should intensify pedagogy training, integrate technology, and enrich ethical learning to improve professional readiness. Keywords: pedagogical competence, artificial intelligence, ethical intelligence, mediation analysis, preservice teachers’ performance Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19258907 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/140 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/140/75 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ronel Maximo Author-Workplace-Name: Capiz State University Author-Name: Felix Salas Author-Workplace-Name: Visayas State University Author-Name: Marilou Benitez Author-Workplace-Name: Visayas State University Author-Name: Deejay Lumanao Author-Workplace-Name: Visayas State University Author-Name: Rosario Salas Author-Workplace-Name: Visayas State University Title: Awareness and Challenges of Jamindanganon about Hibiscus surattensis Potential Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In the Philippines, Hibiscus surattensis is particularly abundant in Panay Island, specifically in Jamindan, Capiz, Philippines, where it is readily available in local markets. Distinguished by its green hue, the native Hibiscus surattensis stands apart from the red-tinged variety. Research has shown that extracts of H. surattensis possess biologically active phytochemicals with notable antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and antidiabetic effects, which supports these traditional uses and highlights its pharmacological promise. However, despite this emerging evidence, significant gaps persist in public awareness, scientific validation, and sustainable utilization strategies for H. surattensis. This study was conducted to assess the awareness and knowledge of Jamindanganon about Hibiscus surattensis potential. Survey research was employed to assess the distribution, awareness, and challenges associated with Hibiscus surattensis production. The survey results revealed a high level of awareness regarding Hibiscus surattensis in Jamindan, with 100% of the respondents reporting familiarity with the plant. The primary source of information for most respondents was family and relatives, accounting for 99.58%, emphasizing the role of familial networks in transmitting knowledge about the plant. When asked about their familiarity with the plant, 97.08% of respondents reported being "very familiar" with it. The Jamindanganons recognize Hibiscus surattensis for its use as a food ingredient; however, there is a significant gap in their knowledge regarding its production system and broader agricultural potential. To fully realize its value as a commercially viable crop, there is a need for government support, education, and resources to prioritize its cultivation and promote it as an economically beneficial crop for the community. Keywords: awareness, challenges, economic potential, hibiscus surattensis, jamindanganon Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19259703 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/141 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/141/76 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elmer Verallo Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Emmanuel Mabayag Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Evon Ora Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Pearl Joy Pardillo Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Crezel Grace Magura Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Kimberly Salubod Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Rollyn Kieth Granada Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Jenly Grace Espanola Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Author-Name: Jhon Alwen Masa Author-Workplace-Name: Baluan National High School Title: Implementation of Student Government Policies and Student Discipline in Baluan National High School: A Quantitative Study Publication-Status: Published Abstract: School policy implementation plays a critical role in shaping student behavior and maintaining discipline; however, limited quantitative evidence exists on how student government initiatives influence discipline at the school level. This study examined the level of implementation of student government policies and its relationship with student discipline in Baluan National High School. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed, involving 193 students and 11 teachers in total of 204 randomly selected respondents. Data were collected using a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation to determine levels of implementation and discipline, and to test the relationship between variables. Findings revealed that the implementation of student government policies was generally evident (M = 3.56), while students demonstrated a high level of discipline (M = 3.48). Students showed strong awareness of policies (M = 3.77) but only moderate consistency in implementation (M = 3.25). Correlation analysis indicated a very weak and non-significant relationship between policy implementation and student discipline (r = 0.054, p = 0.85). The results suggest that student discipline is not significantly influenced by student government policy implementation alone but is likely shaped by broader factors such as school environment, teacher supervision, and student self-regulation. While policy implementation is present, strengthening consistency, monitoring, and enforcement mechanisms may enhance its effectiveness in promoting discipline. Keywords: student governance, behavioral compliance, school climate factors, policy enforcement consistency, learner conduct, correlational analysis, institutional regulation, secondary education Philippines Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19328067 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/145 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/145/77 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kent Voices Sibulan Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Robelit Kinasa Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Christine Joy Bangiban Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Shayne Micah Abis Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Mailyn Sigkat Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Joshua Marquez Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Andrei Bon Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Gerald Betican Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Ivan Angeles Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Geraldine Rose Ruiz Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Author-Name: Rhea Tubale Author-Workplace-Name: Palawan State University, Brooke’s Point Campus, Palawan, Philippines Title: Traditional Palaw’an Food Preparation Practices: Cultural Significance and Community Identity in Brooke’s Point, Palawan Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Traditional food preparation practices among indigenous communities are essential expressions of cultural identity, ecological knowledge, and social cohesion. This study explores the traditional food preparation techniques of the Palaw’an community in Brooke’s Point, Palawan, Philippines, focusing on Barangay Amas, Barangay Saraza, Barangay Malis, and Barangay Samariñana. Despite increasing scholarly attention to indigenous food systems, there remains limited documentation of specific culinary processes and their embedded cultural meanings within localized contexts. Addressing this gap, the study employed a qualitative case study design, utilizing semi-structured interviews and participant observation to gather in-depth insights from community members. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and cultural themes. The findings reveal that traditional dishes such as lut-lut, mel-mel, minel-mel, and arat-arat are central to Palaw’an cultural life, particularly during rituals, communal gatherings, and harvest celebrations. Food preparation is a highly structured and culturally regulated process involving techniques such as soaking glutinous rice, extracting coconut milk, and preparing purad—a fermented mixture critical for flavor development and preservation. Cooking methods rely on indigenous materials, including bamboo tubes, clay pots, and embers, demonstrating deep ecological knowledge and sustainable resource use. Moreover, these practices reinforce social structures, including gender roles, communal participation, and intergenerational knowledge transmission through observation and oral tradition. Ritual elements, such as food blessings and offerings, further emphasize the spiritual significance of food within the community. Despite challenges posed by modernization and environmental changes, the Palaw’an continue to preserve these traditions, reflecting resilience and cultural continuity. The study concludes that traditional food preparation among the Palaw’an is not merely a subsistence activity but a dynamic cultural system that sustains identity, strengthens community bonds, and preserves ancestral knowledge. It underscores the importance of safeguarding indigenous culinary heritage and recommends its integration into cultural education, heritage conservation, and sustainable tourism initiatives. Keywords: indigenous food systems, thematic analysis, culinary heritage, Palaw’an culture, traditional cooking methods, cultural identity, qualitative research Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19328367 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/146 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/146/78 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Girlie Balingbing Author-Workplace-Name: Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi Title: Proposed Integrated Financial Management Framework for Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC) Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Philippine State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines hold the responsibility of managing public funds transparently, accountably, and efficiently while also contributing to regional development. Relative to these significant responsibilities, this study aimed to propose an Integrated Financial Management Framework for Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC) that considered the fiscal opportunities identified in the 2024 Commission on Audit Report for enhancing fiscal practices of the institution in terms of budgeting, accounting, collection, and disbursement functions. This study used a descriptive mixed-method design through structured questionnaires and interviews with the finance staff and unit heads of CSPC, and complemented by documentary analysis of institutional records. Efficiency, accuracy and timeliness were the criteria used by the respondents to assess the system and qualitative data to measure the operational challenges. Findings revealed that despite CSPC’s established fiscal governance structure regulatory compliance with the standards, its financial operations are mostly independent since it heavily relies on manual processes, resulting in delayed reconciliation, duplicated data, and limited real-time financial reporting. In response to these findings, the proposed framework aims to integrate financial operations into a unified digital platform, incorporating automated workflows, digital audit trails, and capacity-building initiatives to streamline processes and strengthen internal controls. Implementing this framework is expected to significantly improve accuracy, timeliness, and institutional credibility, facilitating efficient decision-making and supporting the institution’s transition to university status. The success of the proposed framework depends on phased adoption, technological upgrades, and continuous user-training to overcome current operational challenges and sustain long-term financial governance improvements. Keywords: fiscal governance; Financial Management System (fms); budgeting; accounting; collection; disbursements; efficiency, accuracy, and timeliness; State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19317647 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/143 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/143/79 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enrico Medina Author-Workplace-Name: Dr. Aurelio Mendoza Memorial Colleges Title: Science Student Evaluation of Teaching Effectiveness in Major Courses: Basis for Enhancing Course Delivery Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Evaluating teaching effectiveness through student feedback has emerged as a critical driver for quality assurance as it is vital in higher education. This descriptive mixed-methods study assessed the teaching effectiveness of major science courses including Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Modern Physics, Electricity and Magnetism, and Fluid Mechanics in the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSEd) Major in Science program to establish an evidence-based foundation for enhancing overall course delivery. The research systematically evaluated student perceptions of the teaching effectiveness across major subjects by combining quantitative numerical ratings with rich qualitative feedback from students. Findings revealed a "Very High" overall level of teaching effectiveness, yielding a Grand Mean of 4.68. However, thematic analysis of the open-ended responses identified critical areas for immediate pedagogical growth. Four distinct emergent themes were identified: Pedagogical Clarity and Real-World Contextualization, Experiential Learning and Active Engagement, Affective Support and Relational Teaching, and Strategic Pacing and Formative Reinforcement. The feedback explicitly indicated a strong student desire to shift away from passive lectures and AI-susceptible take-home worksheets. Instead, students require interactive in-class problem-solving, authentic hands-on laboratory activities, and the direct application of complex scientific formulas to real-world scenarios. The study concludes that while science instructors maintain highly supportive classrooms, science students require strategic instructional pacing to effectively manage the heavy cognitive load inherent in conceptually dense major subjects. To address these, a comprehensive Course Enhancement Plan was developed. The study recommends that implementing these targeted, hands-on interventions will successfully bridge the gap between abstract scientific theories, concepts and practical classroom application. Keywords: teaching effectiveness, student evaluation of teaching, student feedback, science education, science student, course enhancement, higher education Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19318025 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/147 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/147/80 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adriano Sabado Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College Author-Name: Lea Patungao Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Fely Ann Aplasen Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Jenny Claire Pecua Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Julie-Ann Calimag Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Kazmiah Joyze Eugenio Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Author-Name: Grace Ann Magsino Author-Workplace-Name: Northeastern College, Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines Title: Teachers’ Readiness for DepEd AI Integration in Philippine Basic Education: A Descriptive–Correlational Study Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has become a global priority, with increasing emphasis on its ethical, responsible, and pedagogically sound implementation. In the Philippines, the Department of Education (DepEd) has introduced foundational guidelines on AI integration in basic education to support digital transformation and enhance teacher capacity. Despite these initiatives, there remains limited empirical evidence on teachers’ readiness to implement national AI policies in classroom practice. This study examined teachers’ readiness to implement DepEd AI integration guidelines and explored its relationship with selected demographic variables. A descriptive–correlational research design was employed, involving 47 public basic education teachers selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using a structured survey questionnaire measuring four dimensions of readiness: AI knowledge, digital skills, training and professional development, and attitudes toward AI. Descriptive statistics and Pearson ’scorrelation analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that teachers demonstrated an overall “ready” level of preparedness (M = 3.26, SD = 0.63). Among the dimensions, attitudes toward AI obtained the highest mean, indicating positive perceptions of AI integration, while AI knowledge recorded the lowest mean, highlighting an area for improvement. Furthermore, no significant relationships were found between teachers’ readiness and demographic variables (p > .05). These results suggest that readiness is not demographically determined but may be influenced by technological exposure and institutional support. The study underscores the need for sustained professional development, enhanced AI literacy programs, and improved technological infrastructure to ensure effective and ethical AI integration in Philippine basic education. Keywords: artificial intelligence in education; teacher readiness; AI integration; digital skills; AI literacy; educational technology adoption; DepEd ai guidelines; basic education Philippines; Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19336127 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/148 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/148/81 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hedalene Apuntar Author-Workplace-Name: University of Perpetual Help System-DALTA - Las Piñas Title: Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges: A Qualitative Exploration of Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration in Supporting Special Education Learners Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Inclusive education increasingly requires strong collaboration among educators, administrators, and allied health professionals to effectively support learners with special educational needs. Despite the growing emphasis on multidisciplinary teamwork, limited research has examined how such collaboration occurs within private school settings in the Philippines, particularly when schools partner with hospital-based therapy providers. This study explored the lived experiences of professionals engaged in multidisciplinary collaboration to support Special Education (SPED) learners in private schools in Laguna. A qualitative narrative research design was employed to capture the experiences of ten purposively selected participants, including occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, SPED teachers, and school administrators. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic narrative analysis to identify recurring patterns related to communication, decision-making, professional roles, and Individualized Education Program (IEP) development and implementation. Findings revealed that effective collaboration strengthened learner support through shared expertise, coordinated planning, and consistent communication among professionals. Participants emphasized that multidisciplinary teamwork improved the alignment of therapeutic and educational goals, resulting in more responsive and individualized interventions. However, challenges such as role ambiguity, limited time for coordination, and logistical barriers between schools and external therapy providers occasionally hindered collaborative processes. The study concludes that structured communication systems, clearly defined professional roles, and strong administrative support are essential in sustaining effective multidisciplinary partnerships. Enhancing these collaborative practices can significantly improve inclusive education and promote holistic developmental outcomes for SPED learners in private school contexts. Keywords: multidisciplinary collaboration, inclusive education, special education learners, Individualized Education Program, allied health professionals, private schools, SPED teachers, qualitative research Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19337377 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/149 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/149/82 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerome Eder Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Josie Leonor Salvedia Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Donna Marie Badar Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Kesheen Abogaa Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jessica Loriaga Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Joana Marose Tejano Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Judito Sierra Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jay Ray Tanqui-on Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Mark Edsel Nacorda Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus Title: Strategic Resource Allocation and Operational Efficiency of Micro-Enterprises in Guiuan, Eastern Samar Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined the strategic resource allocation and operational efficiency of micro-enterprises, particularly sari-sari store in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines. Guiuan has various economic conditions and businesses making it a worthy site for studying how efficient micro-enterprises perform. Specifically, it determine the relationship between strategic resource allocation in terms of tangible and intangible resources and operational efficiency. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. It's objective is to present an accurate of what currently prevails in terms of condition, behavior, and nature of micro-enterprises in the community, focusing on sari-sari store business. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to 84 out of 108 micro-enterprise owners (78% participation rate) in the area. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and  person's correlation coefficient. Findings revealed a strong positive and highly significant relationship between strategic resource allocation and operational efficiency (r = 0.848, p < 0.001), indicating that enterprises allocating resources more strategically tend to demonstrate higher operational efficiency. Results further suggest that micro-enterprises may benefit from enhanced skills development, innovation, and improved access to training program. This study offered valuable insights into how micro-enterprises manage their stores, particularly in community. It highlighted how resources allocated and managed business operations,  benefiting micro-enterprise owners and providing great opportunities for others. Ultimately, it contributed to a stable and progressive local economy, where micro-enterprises played a significant role. The study concludes that strengthened resource management practices, developed skills, supported by local government initiatives, can promote sustainable growth and improved operational performance among micro-enterprises. Keywords: strategic resource allocation, operational efficiency, micro-enterprises, tangible and intangible resources. Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19337608 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/150 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/150/83 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gwyneth Rulida Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Author-Name: Jica Ashley Balacuit Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Author-Name: Sohaina Macapagal Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Author-Name: Hiezel Sildo Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Author-Name: Cristy Wyin Montecalvo Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Author-Name: Neszille Nestal Author-Workplace-Name: Liceo de Cagayan University Title: Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Malapapaya (Polyscias nodosa) and Atis (Annona squamosa) as a Natural Larvicide Against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Mosquito Larvae Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Mosquito-borne diseases remain a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical regions where environmental conditions favor mosquito breeding and rapid population growth. The increasing resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides, along with the environmental and health risks associated with chemical larvicides, has intensified the search for eco-friendly, sustainable, and locally available alternatives. This study evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of combined plant extracts from Malapapaya (Polyscias nodosa) leaves and Atis (Annona squamosa) seeds against Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito larvae. Ethanolic extracts of both plant materials were prepared through maceration and tested at five concentrations: 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, using a controlled larvicidal bioassay under laboratory conditions. A total of 20 larvae were exposed per treatment group, and larval mortality was recorded after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine the effectiveness of each concentration. Results showed complete (100%) larval mortality in all treatment concentrations within 24 hours, while no mortality was observed in the control group. No additional mortality was recorded at 48 hours, indicating a rapid larvicidal effect immediately upon exposure to the extracts. The strong larvicidal activity observed across all tested concentrations suggests that the bioactive compounds present in P. nodosa and A. squamosa may effectively disrupt essential physiological processes in mosquito larvae. The consistency of mortality across different concentrations further indicates that even lower concentrations may be sufficient for effective mosquito control. These findings highlight the potential of combined Malapapaya and Atis extracts as eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective botanical larvicides, offering a promising alternative to conventional chemical mosquito control strategies, particularly in resource-limited communities and tropical settings. Keywords: annona squamosa, culex tritaeniorhynchus, polyscias nodosa, plant-based larvicide, mosquito control. Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19353422 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/155 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/155/84 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deborah Bugnay Author-Workplace-Name: Ballay Integrated School Title: Computer Competence and Academic Achievement of Grade 6 Pupils in the Implementation of Blended Learning in the COVID Era Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The main objective of this study was to determine the correlation between learners' computer competence and their academic achievement in the context of blended learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing the descriptive-correlational method of research, the study aimed to examine this connection to seek insights on how computer literacy affects academic performance in situations like this. The following are the major findings of the study: First, the learners have a moderate level of computer application competence. Second, the learners have shown excellent academic achievement. Third, the correlation analysis between adversity quotient and academic achievement of the learners did not indicate a significant negative correlation. These results imply that factors other than computer competence might be affecting academic achievement of learners. Adapting to new instructional delivery approaches amidst global pandemic is indeed difficult and based on the findings, the study concluded that the learners had limited knowledge and skills in computer applications, yet they demonstrated better academic performance than expected.  Additionally, the study concluded that computer competence did not have a significant impact on the learners' academic achievement. However, improving computer competence could be a contributing factor to enhancing academic achievement. Thus, it is recommended for school administrations to provide sufficient materials and equipment to improve the computer skills of the learners. Furthermore, the level of academic performance of the learners has to be sustained or improved through the provision of better knowledge and skills sources; proper motivation and performance appraisal training workshops of the learners to boost their confidence and computer literacy that may expand their educational opportunities and enable them to easily adapt to the evolving educational landscape. Keywords: pandemic, digital literacy, mixed-mode learning, higher education Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19353959 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/156 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/156/85 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Arica Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: John Paul David Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Rhona Mae Rosit Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Sarah Mae Gubantes Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Ma. Gemma Baillo Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Glailyn Salamida Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Renalyn Caberio Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Mark Edsel Nacorda Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Title: Lived Experiences of Fishermen in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, in the Changing Coastal Landscape Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The study explored the experiences of fishermen in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, amid coastal changes due to both human activity and climate change, how these affected their lives, and which community-driven initiatives were initiated. Using a descriptive phenomenological research method, qualitative data was generated from semi-structured interviews on environmental and socio-economic factors related to these changes: climate impacts, adaptation measures at the local scale, and community initiatives to address them. Based on findings, fishermen indicated reduced fishing activity due to unpredictable weather conditions. Fishers cited an unstable income and, as a result, experienced food insecurity, accrued debt, and had to suspend their children’s education due to these difficulties. Fuel costs, the use of fishing gear, and boat maintenance costs have risen, as have longer distances to fish, all making it harder to survive. Fishermen pointed to competition among fishers as compounding the challenges they face in their everyday survival. Fish stocks were being depleted by overfishing and marine pollution, undermining income generation and the sustainability of marine ecosystems. So, they have to wrestle with their financial situation due to the factors above. Fisherfolk borrowed money, changed their fishing methods, and sought temporary employment as coping strategies for these challenges. Participants have also raised concerns about the inequitable distribution of assistance and ineffective training programs. Participants encouraged more support and more uniformity in what they were offered. Along with providing evidence of resilience among fisherfolk, the research showed that better governance, especially when it comes to fairer distribution of aid after disasters, stricter enforcement of fishing rules, and greater access to safety equipment, would help support sustainable livelihoods. Keywords: lived experiences, environment, socio-economic challenges, coping strategies, community-driven initiatives Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19354769 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/158 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/158/86 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael James Paracuelles Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Angel Marie Florentino Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Sophyia Lei Cohitmingao Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Kristie Apple Perez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Sharmaine Kim Marabulas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Adrian Abarquez Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Rhino Rienz Casas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Author-Name: Nathalie Faith Matugas Author-Workplace-Name: Maguikay National High School Title: Co-Briquetting of Cassava Peels and Paper Waste: Enhancing Fuel Efficiency and Reducing Emission in Alternative Biomass Fuels Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Cassava peels are a by-product of Manihot esculenta, commonly known as the “bread of the tropics,” and are produced in large quantities during root processing but are often discarded as waste. Similarly, paper waste includes discarded materials such as newspapers, packaging, notebooks, and office documents that frequently accumulate in landfills and contribute to environmental pollution. Due to increasing concerns about improper waste disposal and the depletion of fossil fuels, these materials are being explored as potential resources for alternative biomass fuel production. This study aimed to evaluate the fuel characteristics and overall performance of briquettes produced through the co-briquetting of cassava peels and paper waste as a sustainable alternative fuel. The study utilized a true experimental research design under the quantitative approach and was conducted at a residence in Barangay Maguikay, Mandaue City, Cebu. Briquettes were produced using different cassava peel and paper waste ratios and were tested to determine key fuel properties, including moisture content, density, heat output, ash content, combustion time, ignition time, and shatter resistance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine significant differences among the experimental setups. The findings revealed that Setup D exhibited the highest mean moisture content at 289.49%, indicating a high water-to-biomass ratio. The results also showed that varying the proportions of cassava peels and paper waste significantly affected the fuel properties of the briquettes. Among the experimental setups, Setup C demonstrated the most balanced performance, while the commercial briquette remained superior in density and consistency. Overall, the study highlights the potential of co-briquetting cassava peels and paper waste as a renewable biomass fuel alternative. Keywords: cassava peels, co-briquetting, biomass fuel, emissions Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19355947 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/159 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/159/87 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Precioso Tano Author-Workplace-Name: Philippine School Doha Author-Name: Carol Tano Author-Workplace-Name: Philippine School Doha Title: Navigating Uncertainty: A Phenomenological Study of Filipinos in Qatar Amid Geopolitical Tensions Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study investigates the lived experiences and coping mechanisms of Filipinos residing in Qatar amid heightened geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, with particular reference to the 2026 US–Iran conflict. Employing a phenomenological research design, the study seeks to capture the essence of how Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) interpret, respond to, and endure conditions of uncertainty within a conflict-proximate environment. Data were derived from a synthesis of existing qualitative literature and in-depth insights gathered from fifteen (15) Filipino respondents, who were purposefully selected to reflect a diverse cross-section of the migrant population in terms of occupation, length of stay, and socio-economic background. The findings reveal that Filipino migrants engage in multifaceted coping strategies rooted in both individual and collective practices. Central to these strategies is the role of faith and spirituality, which serve as psychological anchors during periods of instability. In addition, strong community networks and social cohesion among Filipinos in Qatar provide emotional support and a sense of belonging, mitigating feelings of isolation and vulnerability. Respondents also demonstrated adaptive emotional regulation techniques, including optimism, cognitive reframing, and selective information consumption to manage anxiety. Trust in the host country’s governance, infrastructure, and crisis management systems further contributes to a perceived sense of security despite regional instability. While underlying anxieties remain prevalent, particularly concerning personal safety and family welfare in the Philippines, resilience emerges as a defining characteristic embedded within Filipino cultural identity. This resilience is not merely reactive but is expressed through proactive adaptation and sustained hope. Overall, the study contributes to the fields of migration studies, crisis psychology, and diaspora research by elucidating how migrant communities cultivate resilience and maintain psychosocial stability in the face of geopolitical uncertainty. Keywords: OFWs, Qatar, phenomenology, coping mechanisms, geopolitical tension, adoptive resilience, heightened awareness, controlled anxiety, community solidarity, social support, psychological anchor, family-centered motivation Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19357075 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/160 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/160/88 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christelle Kay Asis Author-Workplace-Name: St. Paul University Manila, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Title: Implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools Program in Camarines Sur Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools (WinS) Program is one of the six flagship programs of Oplan Kalusugan sa Department of Education. The School Health Section of DepEd Camarines Sur cascaded the policy and guidelines for the WinS Program in 2017 through capacity development for school administrators. However, after seven years of implementation, reports revealed that public schools' water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) situations remain poor and deficient. This descriptive study aimed to assess the extent of implementation of the WinS Program in public elementary and secondary schools of Camarines Sur province. Data was collected from a convenient sample of nurses (n = 67), school administrators (n = 158), and teachers (n = 152) from 158 public schools in Camarines Sur using the WinS Program Survey Form. Majority of the schools are public elementary schools; with a population of less than 500 learners; with Php500,001 to Php1,000,000 annual budget allocations and less than 50 school employees. Mostly belong to the fourth congressional district of Camarines Sur and headed by School Principal I. The extent of WinS Program implementation in terms of hygiene, water access, and sanitation was found to be moderately implemented; while deworming and health education were fully implemented in public schools.  While some progress has been made in hygiene, water access, and health education, gaps remain due to limited resources and growing student populations. Aligning budgets, personnel, and infrastructure with program needs, along with collaborative efforts and ongoing monitoring, is crucial to achieving better health and learning outcomes for learners. Keywords: WASH in Schools, WinS Program, water access, sanitation, hygiene, deworming, health education Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19363857 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/162 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/162/89 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jodel Anthony Carañagan Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Princess Rochelle Amoyan Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jan Marie Caranyagan Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jhennyzelle Basilan Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Alma Marie Abud Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Melanie Padrique Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jemariz Ogaya Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jordan Cabaguing Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Title: Exploring the Challenges and Business Practices of Family-Owned Water Refilling Station Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study examined the operational and managerial challenges faced by family-owned water refilling stations in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, using a qualitative phenomenological design. In-depth interviews with experienced owners and managers revealed recurring issues such as limited financial resources, equipment breakdowns, lacked of local technical support, manpower shortages, and unstable electricity. These challenges were further intensified by high utility costs, taxes, and competitive pricing pressures. To address these difficulties, business owners adopted practical strategies including cost-cutting, purchasing equipment on installment, acquiring basic technical skills, and implementing customer-focused practices such as timely delivery, incentives, and strict quality control. The study highlighted the importance of resilience, financial discipline, technical adaptability, and strong customer relationships in sustaining operations. It also emphasized the need for supportive local policies, access to training, and financial assistance. Despite these challenges, family-owned businesses demonstrated resilience by adopting practical and adaptive strategies. These included financial discipline through cost control and budgeting, utilization of installation-based equipment acquisition, development of basic technical skills for maintenance, and implementation of energy-centered approaches such as prompt delivery, quality assurance, and offering incentives played a significant role in maintaining customer loyalty and sustaining business operations.  The findings contribute valuable insights into the realities of small family enterprises in resource-constrained environments and offer guidance for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and future researchers aiming to support local business sustainability. This research emphasizes the importance of local government support, access to training program of workers, and financial support to strengthen and innovate small family-owned businesses in rural areas in Eastern Samar.  Keywords: Business Practices, Business Strategies, Operations Management, Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19380846 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/96 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/96/90 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joel Molde Author-Workplace-Name: Kibongkog Integrated School Author-Name: Leo Jade Matalubos Author-Workplace-Name: Kalagangan Central Elementary School Title: Perceived Roles In The Community In Promoting Environmental Awareness Among Grade 5 Learners Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Abstract. This study aimed to determine the perceived roles of the community in promoting environmental awareness among Grade 5 learners in the San Fernando II District during the year 2026. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to investigate the relationship between the community's perceived role in promoting environmental awareness and the respondents' level of environmental awareness. Findings revealed that the level of perceived community roles in promoting environmental awareness, in terms of environmental programs, community participation, and involvement, was interpreted as high. Likewise, the level of environmental awareness among Grade 5 learners, in terms of their knowledge of environmental issues and attitudes toward environmental protection, was also interpreted as high. Furthermore, the results showed a significant relationship between the community's perceived roles in environmental programs, community participation and involvement, and learners' levels of environmental awareness in terms of knowledge and attitudes toward environmental protection.These findings show that communities can keep running structured environmental programs and also give learners more chances to join practical environmental activities. Schools and community leaders should work together to promote discussions, teamwork, and family involvement in environmental efforts. Educational institutions should continue programs that build environmental knowledge and shape positive attitudes. Encourage learners to use their knowledge daily and share environmental messages with peers and families. Integrate learning, participation, and social influence in programs to boost environmental awareness and pro-environmental behavior. Keywords: environmental awareness, environmental programs, community participation and involvement, knowledge of environmental issues, attitudes toward environmental protection Keywords: Environmental Education Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19381763 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/122 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/122/92 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Joy Macapañas Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Marco Arturo Acosta Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Ma. Lucille Daiz Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Leoniel Ree Olegario Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Gracie Laika Dolor Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Janine Sajorda Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Christine Irish Ranido Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Althea Nicole Sevilla Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Rotsen Yodico Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Title: Comparative Study of Online and Offline Purchasing Intentions Among ABM Senior High Students Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study focused on the inclination of ABM Senior High School students at Guiuan National High School toward both online and offline shopping environments. The researchers used a descriptive-comparative research design to survey 104 respondents who were chosen through stratified sampling in order to ascertain how their shopping intentions are influenced by time, money, and personal preference. A validated questionnaire modified from Abong et al. (2023) was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential tests (independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test, and paired samples t-test) were used for analysis. The findings showed that students had a strong preference for both offline (M = 3.68) and online (M = 3.73) shopping, with no discernible differences when categorized by age, gender, or socioeconomic status. Online and offline purchase intentions did not significantly differ, according to the paired samples t-test, indicating that students value both modes equally based on context and convenience. The results support the Theory of Planned Behavior by confirming that demographic factors have little impact on consumer choice. The study urges future research to examine more behavioral and psychological factors that influence purchasing decisions and suggests improving both digital and in-store retail strategies.   Keywords: Online shopping, Offline shopping, Purchase intention, Consumer behavior, ABM students, Generation Z. Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19382658 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/54 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/54/94 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: April Joy Lumagbas Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jelynn Cris Loreto Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jonathan Awa-ao Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Charisse Mae Lim Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jericho Ryan Tan Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Layka Mia Llanza Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Kentzhar Novela Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Jujienio Ayhon Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Nika Joy Yakit Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Author-Name: Rotsen Yodico Author-Workplace-Name: Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus Title: Spending Habits Among Working Students at Eastern Samar State University-Guiuan Campus Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Balancing academics and part-time work is a common reality for many students, often leading to significant financial challenges. Understanding how these students manage their finances, especially their spending habits is critical for promoting their financial well-being. This study aims to provide insights into how students distribute their income across essential categories like personal needs, food, academics, and transportation. By examining their spending habits, this research seeks to better understand the financial decisions made by working students. The study used a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert Scale, ranging from 5 (Strongly Agree) to 1 (Strongly Disagree), to gather data. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: the first section collected demographic information from respondents, including age, gender, year level, and monthly income. The second section used a five-point Likert Scale to assess spending habits across personal needs, food, academic purposes, and transportation. Statistical analysis revealed no significant link between demographic factors (age, gender, year level, and monthly income) and student spending habits. The minimal Eta correlation values (0.010 to 0.040) and high p-values (above 0.05) support this, indicating that these demographic factors do not significantly affect how students allocate their resources. Therefore, the study concludes that a student's demographic profile does not meaningfully influence their spending habits. The researchers recommend that future researchers explore additional variables, such as lifestyle or external economic pressures, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the spending habits of this population. Keywords: working students, spending habit, financial management, income allocation, financial decisions Journal: The International Review of Multidisciplinary Research Volume: 1 Issue: 3 Year: 2026 Month: March DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19383723 File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/view/112 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://vertexcorp.org/index.php/irmr/article/download/112/96 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:vtx:vertex:v:1:y:2026:i:3:id:112