Rice Husk Biomass Valorization in the Circular Bioeconomy: Energy, Soil, and Industrial Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20145153Keywords:
agricultural residue utilization, biomass conversion technologies, soil amendment strategies, carbon sequestration in soils, waste-to-resource systems, renewable material development, environmental remediation materials, sustainable resource managementAbstract
Rice husk is a high-volume lignocellulosic residue that remains underutilized despite its silica-rich composition, leading to environmental pollution and inefficient resource use. This review evaluates integrated valorization pathways within a circular bioeconomy, focusing on energy conversion, soil improvement, and industrial material applications. A systematic review of peer-reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2025 was conducted to synthesize evidence on rice husk utilization across sectors. Studies were screened for relevance and rigor, then grouped into three domains: thermochemical energy processes, agricultural and environmental applications, and industrial material development. Data were extracted and analyzed using thematic synthesis to identify trends, performance outcomes, and research gaps.
Results show that one ton of rice husk can generate about 800 kWh of energy and reduce up to 1 ton of carbon emissions through gasification and combustion systems. In agriculture, biochar application increases soil cation exchange capacity by 20 to 30% in sandy soils and improves water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. In industrial applications, rice husk ash contains 85 to 95% amorphous silica, which enhances strength and durability in cement and composite materials and supports pollutant adsorption in water and soil systems. Additional findings highlight its role in water purification, soil stabilization, and development of composites and nanosilica-based materials. Rice husk valorization improves resource efficiency and supports sustainable production across energy, agriculture, and industry. However, variability in processing methods, scalability constraints, and limited long-term validation restrict wider adoption. Integrated, standardized, and field-based approaches are required to enable practical and large-scale implementation.
References
Abdul Wahab, R. A., Mohd Zaid, M. H., Aziz, S. H. A., Amin Matori, K., Fen, Y. W., & Yaakob, Y. (2020). Effects of sintering temperature variation on synthesis of glass ceramic phosphor using rice husk ash as silica source. Materials, 13(23), 5413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235413
Adetukasi, A. O., Fadugba, O. G., Adebakin, I. H., & Omokungbe, O. (2020). Strength characteristics of fibre-reinforced concrete containing nano-silica. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.123
Afjeh, M. S., Marandi, G. B., & Zohuriaan Mehr, M. J. (2020). Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto hydrogel rice husk biochar composite. Water Environment Research, 92(6), 934–947. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1288
Afrinata Riska, R., Febriyanti, I. S., & Ayunda, N. (2024). The effect of adding husk on making compost from organic materials. Jurnal Wicara Desa, 2(4), 288–294. https://doi.org/10.29303/wicara.v2i4.5531
Agriculture Institute. (2025, August 16). Understanding the structure, composition, and properties of rice husk. https://agriculture.institute/paddy-processing/structure-composition-properties-rice-husk/
Ahmadabadi, Z., Zarei, M., Yasrebi, J., Ronaghi, A., Ghasemi, R., Sadegh Kasmaei, L., Bloem, E., & Schnug, E. (2019). How can organic amendments help to bind sulfadiazine in the soil? An Iranian soil study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(19), 2397–2410. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1659306
Ahmadi, A., Khan, N., Giri, B. S., Chowdhary, P., & Chaturvedi, P. (2020). Removal of methylene blue dye using rice husk, cow dung and sludge biochar: Characterization, application, and kinetic studies. Bioresource Technology, 306, 123202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123202
Ahmed, T., Ahmad, B., & Ahmad, W. (2015). Why do farmers burn rice residue? Examining farmers’ choices in Punjab, Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 47, 448–458.
Akinyemi, B. A., Kolajo, T. E., & Adedolu, O. (2022). Blended formaldehyde adhesive bonded particleboards made from groundnut shell and rice husk wastes. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 24(6), 1653–1662.
Akumuntu, A., Hong, J. K., Jho, E. H., Omidoyin, K. C., Park, S. J., Zhang, Q., & Zhao, X. (2024). Biochar derived from rice husk: Impact on soil enzyme and microbial dynamics, lettuce growth, and toxicity. Chemosphere, 349, 140868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140868
Ali, M. S., Azmah Hanim, M. A., Tahir, S. M., Jaafar, C. N. A., Mazlan, N., & Amin Matori, K. (2017). The effect of commercial rice husk ash additives on the porosity, mechanical properties, and microstructure of alumina ceramics. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, Article 2586026. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2586026
Ali, Qureshi L., Ali, B., & Ali, A. (2020). Combined effects of supplementary cementitious materials (silica fume, GGBS, fly ash and rice husk ash) and steel fiber on the hardened properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 263, 120636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120636
Amiri, M. J., Bahrami, M., Beigzadeh, B., & Gil, A. (2018). A response surface methodology for optimization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from synthetic and drainage water: A comparative study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(34), 34277–34293.
Anyakorah, C. I., & Dike, E. N. (2013). Comparison of sawdust and rice husk as casing materials for Pleurotus pulmonarius propagation on cassava peel substrate. Agricultural and Biology Journal of North America, 4(5), 552–554.
Arjmandi, R., Hassan, A., Majeed, K., & Zakaria, Z. (2015). Rice husk filled polymer composites. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2015, Article 501471. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/501471
Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., & Owusu, P. A. (2016). Feasibility of biomass heating system in Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus. Cogent Engineering, 3, 1134304. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2015.1134304
Badar, R., & Qureshi, S. A. (2014). Composted rice husk improves the growth and biochemical parameters of sunflower plants. Journal of Botany, 2014, 1–6.
Bahrami, A., Schierning, G., & Nielsch, K. (2020). Waste recycling in thermoelectric materials. Advanced Energy Materials, 10, 1904159.
Bakar, R. A., Yahya, R., & Gan, S. N. (2016). Production of high purity amorphous silica from rice husk. Procedia Chemistry, 19, 189–195.
Batagarawa, S. M., & Ajibola, A. K. (2019). Comparative evaluation for the adsorption of toxic heavy metals on to millet, corn and rice husks as adsorbents. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 8(3), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2019.08.00325
Berktas, I., Chaudhari, O., Ghafar, A. N., Menceloglu, Y., & Okan, B. S. (2021). Silanization of SiO₂ decorated carbon nanosheets from rice husk ash and its effect on workability and hydration of cement grouts. Nanomaterials, 11(3), 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030655
Bernardo, M. M. S., Madeira, C. A. C., dos Santos Nunes, N. C. L., Dias, D. A. C. M., Godinho, D. M. B., de Jesus Pinto, M. F., do Nascimento Matos, I. A. M., Carvalho, A. P. B., & de Figueiredo Ligeiro Fonseca, I. M. (2017). Study of the removal mechanism of aquatic emergent pollutants by new bio-based chars. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(28), 22698–22708.
Betiha, M. A., Moustafa, Y. M., El Shahat, M. F., & Rafik, E. (2020). Polyvinylpyrrolidone aminopropyl SBA 15 Schiff base hybrid for efficient removal of divalent heavy metal cations from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 397, 122675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122675
Bisht, N., Gope, P. C., & Rani, N. (2020). Rice husk as a fibre in composites: A review. Journal of Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, 29(1), 147–162.
Biswas, B., Pandey, N., Bisht, Y., Singh, R., Kumar, J., & Bhaskar, T. (2017). Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass residues: Comparative study of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw and rice husk. Bioresource Technology, 237, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.046
Budhirani, B., Laikangbam, K. M. D., Singh, L. R., Thoudam, O., & Maibam, D. (2025). Effect of rice husk mulching on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 37(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i15248
Casinillo, L. (2022a). Modeling profitability in rice farming under Philippine Rice Tariffication Law: An econometric approach. Scientific Papers. Series “Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development”, 22(3), 123-130. https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/index.php/scientific-papers/2931
Casinillo, L. F. (2020). Econometric modeling on satisfaction in rice farming under Philippine Rice Tariffication Law. Journal of Research and Multidisciplinary, 3(2), 326-336. https://doi.org/10.5281/jrm.v3i2.38
Chalapud, M. C., Herdt, M., Nicolao, E. S., Ruseckaite, R. A., Ciannamea, E. M., & Stefani, P. M. (2020). Biobased particleboards based on rice husk and soy proteins: Effect of the impregnation with tung oil on the physical and mechanical behavior. Construction and Building Materials, 230, 116996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116996
Channa, S. H., Ali Mangi, S., Bheel, N., Soomro, F. A., & Khahro, S. H. (2022). Short term analysis on the combined use of sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material in concrete production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(3), 3555–3564.
Chaudhary, N., Mohanty, I., Saha, P., Kumari, R., & Pandey, A. K. (2023). Performance of resource saving agro industrial wastes and their utilization in lightweight concrete: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.115
Chen, P., Bie, H., & Bie, R. (2018). Leaching characteristics and kinetics of the metal impurities present in rice husk during pretreatment for the production of nanosilica particles. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 35(9), 1911–1918.
Chen, R. F., Congress, S. S. C., Cai, G. J., Duan, W., & Liu, S. Y. (2021). Sustainable utilization of biomass waste rice husk ash as a new solidified material of soil in geotechnical engineering: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 292, 123219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123219
Cho, W. C., Kim, H. J., Lee, H. I., Seo, M. W., Ra, H. W., Yoon, S. J., Mun, T. Y., Kim, Y. K., Kim, J. H., Kim, B. H., Kook, J. W., Yoo, C. Y., Lee, J. G., & Choi, J. W. (2016). 5L scale magnesio milling reduction of nanostructured SiO₂ for high-capacity silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Nano Letters, 16(11), 7261–7269. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03762
Choudhary, R., Venkatraman, S. K., Bulygina, I., Senatov, F., Kaloshkin, S., Anisimova, N., Kiselevskiy, M., Knyazeva, M., Kukui, D., Walther, F., & Swamiappan, S. (2021). Biomineralization, dissolution and cellular studies of silicate bioceramics prepared from eggshell and rice husk. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 118, 111456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111456
Danewalia, S. S., Sharma, G., Thakur, S., & Singh, K. (2016). Agricultural wastes as a resource of raw materials for developing low dielectric glass ceramics. Scientific Reports, 6, 24617. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24617
Darabi, S. F. S., Bahramifar, N., & Khalilzadeh, M. A. (2018). Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetics studies on adsorption of eosin Y and red X GRL from aqueous solution by treated rice husk. Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 5(1), 392–398.
Defonseka Chris. Rice hulls pellets as alternate solid fuel for energy generation. Polymer from. Renewable Resources. 2018;9(3–4):133–144. doi: 10.1177/2041247918799774.
Dey, S., Haripavan, N., Basha, S. R., & Babu, G. V. (2021). Removal of ammonia and nitrates from contaminated water by using solid waste bio adsorbents. Current Research in Chemistry, 1, 100005.
Donati, N., Spada, J. C., & Tessaro, I. C. (2022). Recycling rice husk ash as a filler on biodegradable cassava starch-based foams. Polymer bulletin (Berlin, Germany), 1–18. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04557-9
Duong, V. T., Nguyen, N. T. H., & Duc, N. T. (2017). Impact of biochar on the water holding capacity and moisture of basalt and grey soil. Journal of Science Ho Chi Minh Open University, 7(2), 36–43.
Ebe, S., Ohike, T., Matsukawa, T., Okanami, M., Kajiyama, S., & Ano, T. (2019). Promotion of lipopeptide antibiotic production by Bacillus sp. IA in the presence of rice husk biochar. Journal of Pesticide Science, 44(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.D18-042
Farid, S. A., & Zaheer, M. M. (2023). Production of new generation and sustainable concrete using rice husk ash (RHA): A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.034
Ge, X. M., Xu, F. Q., & Li, Y. B. (2016). Solid state anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: Recent progress and perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 205, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.050
Ghorbani, M., Asadi, H., & Abrishamkesh, S. (2019). Effects of rice husk biochar on selected soil properties and nitrate leaching in loamy sand and clay soil. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(3), 258–265.
Gomez Mejia, D. M., Hincapie-Rojas, D. F., Jimenez-Garcia, F. N., & Alvarez Vargas, C. A. (2023). Effect of the addition of silica obtained from rice husk on physicochemical and mechanical properties of fibercement. Heliyon, 9(2), e13567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13567
Hemnath, A., Anbuchezhiyan, G., NanthaKumar, P., & Senthilkumar, N. (2021). Tensile and flexural behaviour of rice husk and sugarcane bagasse reinforced polyester composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 3451–3454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.786
Hossain, S. S., & Roy, P. K. (2019). Fabrication of sustainable insulation refractory: Utilization of different wastes. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio, 58(3), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2018.09.002
Hossain, S. S., Bae, C. J., & Roy, P. K. (2021). A replacement of traditional insulation refractory brick by a waste derived lightweight refractory castable. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 18(5), 1783–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13787
Hossain S. S. Mathur L.Roy P. K. (2018). Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics: a review. J. Asian Ceram. Soc.6, 299–313. 10.1080/21870764.2018.1539210
Hu, L. L., He, Z., & Zhang, S. P. (2020). Sustainable use of rice husk ash in cement-based materials: Environmental evaluation and performance improvement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121744
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) (2016). Milling Byproducts. Manila: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Available online at: http://www.knowledgebank (accessed March 21, 2019).
Islam, A. S., & Ahiduzzaman, M. (2013). Green electricity from rice husk: A model for Bangladesh. In Thermal Power Plants-Advanced Applications (pp. 127–144).
Jittin, V., Bahurudeen, A., & Ajinkya, S. D. (2020). Utilisation of rice husk ash for cleaner production of different construction products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121578
Junpen, A., Pansuk, J., Kamnoet, O., Cheewaphongphan, P., Garivait, S., 2018. Emission of air pollutants from rice residue open burning in Thailand, 2018. Atmosphere, 9(11), 449.
Karatai, T. R., Kaluli, J. W., Kabubo, C., & Thiong’o, G. (2017). Soil stabilization using rice husk ash and natural lime as an alternative to cutting and filling in road construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143(5), 04016127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001235
Kaur, R., & Singh, H. (2017). Bio ethanol production from rice husk using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and optimization of pretreatment methods. Der Pharma Chemica, 9(7), 1–7.
Kumar, A., Sengupta, B., Dasgupta, D., Mandal, T., & Datta, S. (2016). Recovery of value-added products from rice husk ash to explore an economic way for recycle and reuse of agricultural waste. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 15(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11157-015-9388-0
Kumar, D. C., Vasanthi, P., & Devaraju, A. (2022). Development of agro industrial wastes in material production. In I. A. Palani, P. Sathiya, & D. Palanisamy (Eds.), Recent Advances in Materials and Modern Manufacturing (pp. 973–981). Springer Nature Singapore.
Kumar S.Sangwan P. Dhankhar R. M. V. Bidra S. (2013). Utilization of rice husk and their ash: a review. Res. J. Chem. Environ. Sci.1, 126–129.
Lalruatsangi, E., Hazarika, B. N., & Raja, P. (2018). Effect of paddy straw and rice husk mulching on soil microbial population in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 77, 241–243.
Lertwattanaruk, P., & Makul, N. (2021). Influence of ground calcium carbonate waste on the properties of green self-consolidating concrete prepared by low quality bagasse ash and rice husk ash. Materials, 14(15), 4232. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154232
Li, M., Zheng, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhu, X. (2014). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a heterogeneous catalyst from pyrolyzed rice husk. Bioresource Technology, 154, 345–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.012
Li, Z., Zhong, Z., Zhang, B., Wang, W., Seufitelli, G. V. S., & Resende, F. L. P. (2020). Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of waste greenhouse plastic films and rice husk using hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieve. Waste Management, 102, 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.012
Liu, L., Wang, S., Guo, X., Zhao, T., & Zhang, B. 2018. Succession and diversity of microorganisms and their association with physicochemical properties during green waste thermophilic composting. Waste Management. 73(10).
Lubis, H. (2018). Renewable energy of rice husk for reducing fossil energy in Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.35848/2462-1943.2018.01.001
Majeed, K., Arjmandi, R., Al Maadeed, M. A., Hassan, A., Ali, Z., Khan, A. U., Khurram, M. S., Inuwa, I. M., & Khanam, P. N. (2017). Structural properties of rice husk and its polymer matrix composites. In M. Jawaid, P. M. Tahir, & N. Saba (Eds.), Lignocellulosic fibre and biomass based composite materials (pp. 473–490). Elsevier.
Medina Litardo, R. C., García Bendezú, S. J., Carrillo Zenteno, M. D., Pérez-Almeida, I. B., Parismoreno, L. L., & Lombeida García, E. D. (2022). Effect of mineral and organic amendments on rice growth and yield in saline soils. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 21(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2021.06.015
Mirmohamadsadeghi, K., & Karimi, K. (2020). Recovery of silica from rice straw and husk. In A. Pandey, S. Negi, & C. R. Soccol (Eds.), Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering: Waste treatment processes for energy generation (pp. 411–433). Elsevier.
Mishra, S., Dhada, I., Haldar, P. (2023). Rice Husk: From Agro-Industrial to Modern Applications. In: Neelancherry, R., Gao, B., Wisniewski Jr, A. (eds) Agricultural Waste to Value-Added Products. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4472-9_14
Moayedi, H., Aghel, B., Abdullahi, M., Nguyen, H., Safuan, A., & Rashid, A. (2019). Applications of rice husk ash as green and sustainable biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 117851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117851
Mohiuddin, O.; Mohiuddin, A.; Obaidullah, M.; Ahmed, H.; Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. Electricity production potential and social benefits from rice husk, a case study in Pakistan. Cogent Eng. 2016, 3, 1177156.
Nayak, R. K., Athira, V. G., Selvan, D., & Kumar, S. S. (2017). Rice husk as an alternate fuel. In 2017 IEEE Technological Innovations in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR) (pp. 126–129). IEEE.
Nzereogu, P. U., Omah, A. D., Ezema, F. I., Iwuoha, E. I., & Nwanya, A. C. (2023). Silica extraction from rice husk: Comprehensive review and applications. Hybrid Advances, 4, 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100111
OECD. (2016). OECD factbook 2015–2016: Economic, environmental and social statistics. https://www.oecd.org/sdd/oecd-factbook-18147364.htm
P. A. Alaba et al., “Thermal decomposition of rice husk: a comprehensive artificial intelligence predictive model,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2019 1404, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 1811–1823, Nov. 2019.
Paiman, & Effendy, I. (2020). The effect of soil water content and biochar on rice cultivation in polybag. Open Agriculture, 5, 117–125.
Pandey, G. (2011). Case study summary husk power systems India. Retrieved November 15, 2014, from https://www.ashden.org/files/Husk%20winner.pdf
Peralta, Y. M., Molina, R., & Moreno, S. (2024). Rice husk silica: A review from conventional uses to new catalysts for advanced oxidation processes. Journal of Environmental Management, 370, 122735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122735
Pode, R. (2016). Potential applications of rice husk ash waste from rice husk biomass power plant. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1468–1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.051
Pradhan A. Ali S. M. Dash R. (2013). Biomass gasification by the use of rice husk gasifier. Special Issue Int. J. Adv. Computer. Theory Eng.2, 14–17.
Prapagdee, S., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., & Petsom, A. (2016). Physico chemical activation on rice husk biochar for enhancing of cadmium removal from aqueous solution. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 13(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW-160004
Prasara-A, J., & Gheewala, S. H. (2017). Sustainable utilization of rice husk ash from power plants: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 167, 1020–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.042
Putranto, A. W., Abida, S. H., Sholeh, A. B., & Azfa, H. T. (2021). The potential of rice husk ash for silica synthesis as a semiconductor material for monocrystalline solar cell: A review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 733(1), Article 012029
Reaño, R. L. (2020). Assessment of environmental impact and energy performance of rice husk utilization in various biohydrogen production pathways. Bioresource Technology, 299, 122590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122590
Red, F. S., Amestoso, N. T., & Casinillo, L. F. (2021). Effect of Farmer Field School (FFS) on the knowledge, attitude, practices, and profitability of rice farmers. Philippine Social Science Journal, 4(4), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v4i4.420
Rice Knowledge Bank, IRRI, 2020. Rice husk. Retrieved from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/rice-by-products/rice-husk
Salman, A. D., Juzsakova, T., Jalhoom, M. G., Le Phuoc, C., Mohsen, S., Adnan Abdullah, T., Zsirka, B., Cretescu, I., Domokos, E., & Stan, C. D. (2020). Novel hybrid nanoparticles: Synthesis, functionalization, characterization, and their application in the uptake of scandium (III) ions from aqueous media. Materials, 13(24), 5727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245727
Santana Costa, J. A., & Paranhos, C. M. (2018). Systematic evaluation of amorphous silica production from rice husk ashes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 688–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.028
Sarong, M. M., Orge, R. F., Eugenio, P. J. G., & Monserate, J. J. (2020). Utilization of rice husks into biochar and nanosilica: For clean energy, soil fertility and green nanotechnology. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 15(1), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150113
Sarong, M.M., Orge, R.F. (2015). Effect of rice hull biochar on the fertility and nutrient holding capacity of sandy soils. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(12): 33-44. https://doi.org/10.2495/sdp160271
Sekifuji, R., & Tateda, M. (2019). Study of the feasibility of a rice husk recycling scheme in Japan to produce silica fertilizer for rice plants. Sustainable Environment Research, 29(1), 1–9.
Shafie, S. M. (2015). Paddy residue-based power generation in Malaysia: Environmental assessment using LCA approach. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10(15), 6643–6648.
Shibata, K., Yamaguchi, T., & Hokkirigawa, K. (2014). Tribological behavior of RH ceramics made from rice husk sliding against stainless steel, alumina, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride. Tribology International, 73, 187–194.
Sikarwar V. S. Zhao M. Clough P. Yao J. Zhong X. Memon M. Z Shah N.et al. (2016). An overview of advances in biomass gasification. Energy Environ. Sci.9, 2939–2977. 10.1039/C6EE00935B
Singh, C., Tiwari, S., Gupta, V. K., & Singh, J. S. (2018). The effect of RHB on soil nutrient status, microbial biomass and paddy productivity of nutrient poor agricultural soils. Catena, 171, 485–493.
Soltani, N., Bahrami, A., Pech Canul, M. I., & González, L. A. (2015). Review on the physicochemical treatments of rice husk for production of advanced materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 264, 899–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.056
Soltani, N., Simon, U., Bahrami, A., Wang, X., Selve, S., Epping, J. D., Pech-Canul, M. I., Bekheet, M. F., & Gurlo, A. (2017). Macroporous polymer-derived SiO₂/SiOC monoliths freeze-cast from polysiloxane and amorphous silica derived from rice husk. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 37, 4809–4820.
Suhot, M. A., Hassan, M. Z., Aziz, S. A., & Md Daud, M. Y. (2021). Recent Progress of Rice Husk Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers, 13(15), 2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152391
Susastriawan, A. A. P., & Saptoadi, H. (2019). Comparison of the gasification performance in the downdraft fixed-bed gasifier fed by different feedstocks: Rice husk, sawdust, and their mixture. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 34, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2019.04.008
Suswana S, Maulana DD. 2022. Residual effect of rice husk biochar on growth and yield of Aerobic rice. Agrotechnology Res J. 6(2):87–94. https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agrotechresj.v6i2.57344
Swarnalakshmi, K. S., Chinnaiyan, P., Nivetha, S., & Nair, A. S. (2018). Use of rice husk ash as an adsorbent to remove contaminants in water and comparison with advanced oxidation process: A study. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(11), 24248–24257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.220
Tabata, T., Yoshiba, Y., Takashina, T., Hieda, K., & Shimizu, N. (2017). Bioethanol production from steam exploded rice husk by recombinant Escherichia coli KO11. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33(3), 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-017-2221-x
Tateda, M. (2016). Production and effectiveness of amorphous silica fertilizer from rice husks using a sustainable local energy system. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 9(3): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2016/21825
Thiyageshwari, S., Gayathri, P., Krishnamoorthy, R., Anandham, R., & Paul, D. (2018). Exploration of rice husk compost as an alternate organic manure to enhance the productivity of blackgram in typic haplustalf and typic rhodustalf. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 358.
Vayghan, A. G., Khaloo, A. R., & Rajabipour, F. (2013). The effects of a hydrochloric acid pre-treatment on the physicochemical properties and pozzolanic performance of rice husk ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 39, 131–140.
Wan Ismail, W. N., & Umairah Mokhtar, S. (2020). Various methods for removal, treatment, and detection of emerging water contaminants. In A. Nuro (Ed.), Emerging Contaminants (pp. 1–27). London, UK: Intech Open.
Wang, T., et al. (2020). Co-pyrolysis behavior of sewage sludge and rice husk by TG-MS and residue analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 250, 119557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119557
Wang, T., et al. (2020). Effect of addition of rice husk on the fate and speciation of heavy metals in the bottom ash during dyeing sludge incineration. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244, 118851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118851
Wang, J., Fu, J., Song, W., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Effect of rice husk ash (RHA) dosage on pore structural and mechanical properties of cemented paste backfill. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 17, 840–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.01.044
Wang, Z. F., Smith, A. T., Wang, W. X., & Sun, L. Y. (2018). Versatile nanostructures from rice husk biomass for energy applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57(42), 13722–13734. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201802050
Wibowo, D. E., Ramadhan, D. A., Endaryanta, & Prayuda, H. (2023). Soil stabilization using rice husk ash and cement for pavement subgrade materials. Revista de la Construcción, 22(1), 192–202. https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.22.1.192
Win, K. T., Okazaki, K., Ookawa, T., Yokoyama, T., & Ohwaki, Y. (2019). Influence of rice-husk biochar and Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 on yield, biomass production, and nutrient uptake in two forage rice genotypes. PLoS ONE, 14(7), e0220236. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220236
Y. Shen and N. Zhang, “Facile synthesis of porous carbons from silica-rich rice husk char for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sorption,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 282, no. March, pp. 294–300, 2019.
Yi, S. Z., Gao, B., Sun, Y. Y., Wu, J. C., Shi, X. Q., Wu, B. J., & Hu, X. (2016). Removal of levofloxacin from aqueous solution using rice-husk and woodchip biochar. Chemosphere, 150, 694–701.
Zhang, X. G., Wang, Y., Cai, J. M., Wilson, K., & Lee, A. F. (2020). Bio-hydrochar sorbents for environmental remediation. Energy and Environmental Materials, 3(4), 453–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12074
